Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 2010"

Fish oil replacement and alternative lipid sources in aquaculture feeds

Abstract: Fish Oils in Aquaculture: In Retrospect Sena S. De Silva, David S. Francis, and Albert G. J. Tacon Lipids in Aquafeeds J. Gordon Bell and Wolfgang Koppe The World's Oils and Fats Frank D. Gunstone Palm Oil and Saturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils Wing-Keong Ng and Veronique Gibon Soybean Oil and Other n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils Paul B. Brown and Steven D. Hart Rapeseed (Canola) Oil and Other Monounsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils Giovanni M. Turchini and Rodney J. Mailer n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils and Blends Douglas R. Tocher, David S. Francis, and Keith Coupland Terrestrial Animal Fats Dominique P. Bureau and David L. Meeker Alternative Marine Resources Rolf-Erik Olsen, Rune Waagbo, Webjorn Melle, Einar Ringo,and Santosh P. Lall New Alternative n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Oil Sources Matthew R. Miller, Peter D. Nichols, and Chris G. Carter Minor Components in Fish Oil and Alternative Oils with Potential Physiological Effect Jana Pickova, Sabine Sampels, and Marc Berntsen Fish Oil Replacement in Starter, Grow-Out, and Finishing Feeds for Farmed Aquatic Animals Brett D. Glencross and Giovanni M. Turchini The Effects of Fish Oil Replacement on Lipid Metabolism of Fish Bente E. Torstensen and Douglas R. Tocher Welfare and Health of Fish Fed Vegetable Oils as Alternative Lipid Sources to Fish Oil Daniel Montero and Marisol Izquierdo The Effects of Fish Oil Replacement on Nutritional and Organoleptic Qualities of Farmed Fish Grethe Rosenlund, Genevieve Corraze, Marisol Izquierdo, and Bente E. Torstensen Index

Mutant alleles of FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B combine to produce soybeans with the high oleic acid seed oil trait.

Abstract: The alteration of fatty acid profiles in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to improve soybean oil quality is an important and evolving theme in soybean research to meet nutritional needs and industrial criteria in the modern market. Soybean oil with elevated oleic acid is desirable because this monounsaturated fatty acid improves the nutrition and oxidative stability of the oil. Commodity soybean oil typically contains 20% oleic acid and the target for high oleic acid soybean oil is approximately 80% of the oil; previous conventional plant breeding research to raise the oleic acid level to just 50-60% of the oil was hindered by the genetic complexity and environmental instability of the trait. The objective of this work was to create the high oleic acid trait in soybeans by identifying and combining mutations in two delta-twelve fatty acid desaturase genes, FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B. Three polymorphisms found in the FAD2-1B alleles of two soybean lines resulted in missense mutations. For each of the two soybean lines, there was one unique amino acid change within a highly conserved region of the protein. The mutant FAD2-1B alleles were associated with an increase in oleic acid levels, although the FAD2-1B mutant alleles alone were not capable of producing a high oleic acid phenotype. When existing FAD2-1A mutations were combined with the novel mutant FAD2-1B alleles, a high oleic acid phenotype was recovered only for those lines which were homozygous for both of the mutant alleles. We were able to produce conventional soybean lines with 80% oleic acid in the oil in two different ways, each requiring the contribution of only two genes. The high oleic acid soybean germplasm developed contained a desirable fatty acid profile, and it was stable in two production environments. The presumed causative sequence polymorphisms in the FAD2-1B alleles were developed into highly efficient molecular markers for tracking the mutant alleles. The resources described here for the creation of high oleic acid soybeans provide a framework to efficiently develop soybean varieties to meet changing market demands.

A new intravenous fat emulsion containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil: a single-center, double-blind randomized study on efficacy and safety in pediatric patients receiving home parenteral nutrition.

Abstract: Background: SMOFlipid 20% is an intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) containing soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil developed to provide energy, essential fatty acids (FAs), and long-chain ω-3 FAs as a mixed emulsion containing α-tocopherol. The aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of this new ILE in pediatric patients receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) compared with soybean oil emulsion (SOE). Methods: This single-center, randomized, double-blind study included 28 children on HPN allocated to receive either SMOFlipid 20% (n = 15) or a standard SOE (Intralipid 20%, n = 13). ILE was administered 4 to 5 times per week (goal dose, 2.0 g/kg/d) within a parenteral nutrition regimen. Assessments, including safety and efficacy parameters, were performed on day 0 and after the last study infusion (day 29). Lipid peroxidation was determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Results: There were no significant differences in laboratory safety para...

Conversion of Triglycerides to Hydrocarbons Over Supported Metal Catalysts

Abstract: The deoxygenation of triglycerides (tristearin, triolein and soybean oil) under nitrogen atmosphere was investigated over 20 wt% Ni/C, 5 wt% Pd/C and 1 wt% Pt/C catalysts. Use of the Ni catalyst resulted in near quantitative conversion of the triglyceride in each case, high yields of linear C5 to C17 alkanes and alkenes being obtained. Oxygen was rejected as CO and CO2, while small amounts of light alkanes (C1–C4) and H2 were also formed. 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis of the liquid product from soybean oil deoxygenation at intermediate reaction times suggested that one pathway for triglyceride deoxygenation involves liberation of fatty acids via C–O bond scission and concomitant H transfer, followed by elimination of CO2 from the acids in a later step. Compared to Ni, catalysts containing Pd or Pt supported on activated carbon showed lower activity for both triglyceride deoxygenation and for cracking of the fatty acid chains.

Safety and Efficacy of a Lipid Emulsion Containing a Mixture of Soybean Oil, Medium-chain Triglycerides, Olive Oil, and Fish Oil: A Randomised, Double-blind Clinical Trial in Premature Infants Requiring Parenteral Nutrition

Abstract: Objectives:Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of a novel lipid emulsion containing a mixture of soybean oil, medium-chain triglycerides, olive oil, and fish oil (SMOFlipid 20%) with reduced n-6 fatty acids (FA), increased monounsaturated and n-3 FA, and enriched in vitamin E were evaluated i

Effects of a fish oil containing lipid emulsion on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory markers, and clinical outcomes in septic patients a randomized, controlled clinical trial

Abstract: The effect of parenteral fish oil in septic patients is not widely studied. This study investigated the effects of parenteral fish oil on plasma phospholipid fatty acids, inflammatory mediators, and clinical outcomes. Twenty-five patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis, and predicted to need parenteral nutrition were randomized to receive either a 50:50 mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and soybean oil or a 50:40:10 mixture of medium-chain fatty acids, soybean oil and fish oil. Parenteral nutrition was administrated continuously for five days from admission. Cytokines and eicosanoids were measured in plasma and in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated whole blood culture supernatants. Fatty acids were measured in plasma phosphatidylcholine. Fish oil increased eicosapentaenoic acid in plasma phosphatidylcholine (P < 0.001). Plasma interleukin (IL)-6 concentration decreased significantly more, and IL-10 significantly less, in the fish oil group (both P < 0.001). At Day 6 the ratio PO2/FiO2 was significantly higher in the fish oil group (P = 0.047) and there were fewer patients with PO2/FiO2 <200 and <300 in the fish oil group (P = 0.001 and P = 0.015, respectively). Days of ventilation, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality were not different between the two groups. The fish oil group tended to have a shorter length of hospital stay (22 ± 7 vs. 55 ± 16 days; P = 0.079) which became significant (28 ± 9 vs. 82 ± 19 days; P = 0.044) when only surviving patients were included. Inclusion of fish oil in parenteral nutrition provided to septic ICU patients increases plasma eicosapentaenoic acid, modifies inflammatory cytokine concentrations and improves gas exchange. These changes are associated with a tendency towards shorter length of hospital stay. Clinical Trials Registration Number ISRCTN89432944

Toughening of polylactide with polymerized soybean oil

Abstract: Polymerized soybean oil (polySOY) and isotactic poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) were melt blended to increase the toughness of PLLA in an all renewable blend. The polySOY samples were prepared by crosslinking soybean oil by the addition of a free radical crosslinking agent or by heating the oil in the presence of oxygen. Soybean oil is relatively nonreactive compared to other vegetable oils, and conjugation of the double bonds within the fatty acid chains of the soybean oil triglyceride prior to crosslinking led to significantly increased reactivity. Poly(isoprene-b-L-lactide) block copolymers were used to compatibilize the blends due to the high degree of immiscibility between PLLA and polySOY. The blending of polySOY and PLLA resulted in significant improvements in the tensile toughness of the blend compared to neat PLLA. The blend morphology was dependent on the polySOY gel fraction or weight-average molar mass; the polySOY characteristics were key indicators of the tensile toughness.

Enzymatic transesterification of soybean oil by using immobilized lipase on magnetic nano-particles

Abstract: Lipase was covalently immobilized onto magnetic Fe3O4 nano-particles by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC) as an activating agent, and the bound lipase was used to catalyze the transesterification of vegetable oils with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters. The binding of lipase to magnetic particles was confirmed by enzyme assays, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. It was determined that the immobilized lipase exhibited better resistance to temperature and pH inactivation in comparison to free lipase. Using the immobilized lipase, the major parameters affecting the transesterification reaction, such as the alcohol/oil molar ratio, enzyme loading and free fatty acid present in reactants were investigated to obtain the optimum reaction condition. The conversion of soybean oil to methyl esters reached over 90% in the three-step transesterification when 40% immobilized lipase was used. Moreover, the lipase catalyst could be used for 3 times without significant decrease of the activity.

Production of Biofuels via the Catalytic Cracking of Mixtures of Crude Vegetable Oils and Nonedible Animal Fats with Vacuum Gas Oil

Abstract: Vegetable oils (crude palm oil and crude soybean oil), nonedible animal fats, and waste cooking oil (WCO) were mixed with a standard gas oil and tested under fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) conditions in a short-contact-time microactivity reactor using an industrial FCC equilibrium catalyst. Under the reaction conditions tested in this work, triglyceride molecules are completely transformed into water, CO2, CO, and a mixture of hydrocarbons. The presence of a triglyceride-based biomass in the feedstock of a FCC unit reduces the yield toward liquid products and enhances gas and coke formation. Likewise, the cracking of oil and fats in the FCC conditions increases aromatic hydrocarbon formation. This fact comes from oxygen removal of the initial triglycerides to form water as the principal oxygenated compound, which requires the presence of hydrogen molecules coming from the transformation of hydrocarbons into olefins. These olefins, in the severe reaction conditions under study, will tend to form aromatic h...

Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion of Triglycerides to Non-ester Biofuels

Abstract: This paper describes a catalytic hydrothermolysis (CH) process aimed at converting triglycerides to non-ester biofuels. The CH conversion was carried out at temperatures ranging from 450 to 475 °C and a pressure of 210 bar in the presence of water with and without a catalyst. The organic phase (biocrude) from the CH process underwent post-treatment involving decarboxylation and hydrotreating. Results derived from soybean oil, jatropha oil, and tung oil show that certain biofuel fractions met JP-8 specifications and Navy distillate specifications. One of the CH biofuel characteristics is their high levels of cyclics and aromatics. Tung-oil-based biofuels derived from the CH process contain up to 60% aromatics, which can be a desirable ingredient for fuel blends involving biofuels derived from other processes or feedstocks. Results from these crop oils also suggest that the CH process can be adapted to a variety of other triglyceride feedstocks.

Structure and Applications of a Rhamnolipid Surfactant Produced in Soybean Oil Waste

Abstract: Soybean oil soapstock was utilized as an alternative carbon source for the production of rhamnolipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa LBI strain. The chemical composition and properties of the rhamnolipid mixture obtained were determined to define its potential applications. The chemical characterization of the rhamnolipid has revealed the presence of ten different homologues. The monorhamnolipid RhaC10C10 and the dirhamnolipid Rha2C10C10 were the main components of the mixture that showed predominance of 44% and 29%, respectively, after 144-h of cultivation. The biosurfactant was able to form stable emulsions with several hydrocarbons and showed excellent emulsification for soybean oil and chicken fat (100%). The rhamnolipid removed 67% of crude oil present in sand samples and presented antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus and Mucor miehei at 64 μg/mL and inhibition of Neurospora crassa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus luteus at 256 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the rhamnolipid produced in soybean oil soapstock can be useful in environmental and food industry applications.

Vernonia DGATs increase accumulation of epoxy fatty acids in oil

Abstract: Vernolic acid (cis-12-epoxy-octadeca-cis-9-enoic acid) is valuable as a renewable chemical feedstock. This fatty acid can accumulate to high levels in the seed oil of some plant species such as Vernonia galamensis and Stokesia laevis which are unsuitable for large-scale production. A cost-effective alternative for production of epoxy fatty acids is to genetically engineer its biosynthesis in commercial oilseeds. An epoxygenase cDNA (SlEPX) responsible for vernolic acid synthesis and two acyl-CoA : diacylglycerol acyltransferase cDNAs (VgDGAT1 and VgDGAT2) catalysing triacylglycerol (TAG) formation were cloned from developing seeds of S. laevis and V. galamensis. Co-expression of SlEPX and VgDGAT1 or VgDGAT2 greatly increases accumulation of vernolic acid both in petunia leaves and soybean somatic embryos. Seed-specific expression of VgDGAT1 and VgDGAT2 in SlEPX mature soybean seeds results in vernolic acid levels of approximately 15% and 26%. Both DGAT1 and DGAT2 increase epoxy fatty acid accumulation with DGAT2 having much greater impact.

Coriander seed oil methyl esters as biodiesel fuel: Unique fatty acid composition and excellent oxidative stability

Abstract: Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed oil methyl esters were prepared and evaluated as an alternative biodiesel fuel and contained an unusual fatty acid hitherto unreported as the principle component in biodiesel fuels: petroselinic (6Z-octadecenoic; 68.5 wt%) acid. Most of the remaining fatty acid profile consisted of common 18 carbon constituents such as linoleic (9Z,12Z-octadeca-dienoic; 13.0 wt%), oleic (9Z-octadecenoic; 7.6 wt%) and stearic (octadecanoic; 3.1 wt%) acids. A standard transesterification procedure with methanol and sodium methoxide catalyst was used to provide C. sativum oil methyl esters (CSME). Acid-catalyzed pretreatment was necessary beforehand to reduce the acid value of the oil from 2.66 to 0.47 mg g−1. The derived cetane number, kinematic viscosity, and oxidative stability (Rancimat method) of CSME was 53.3, 4.21 mm2 s−1 (40 °C), and 14.6 h (110 °C). The cold filter plugging and pour points were −15 °C and −19 °C, respectively. Other properties such as acid value, free and total glycerol content, iodine value, as well as sulfur and phosphorous contents were acceptable according to the biodiesel standards ASTM D6751 and EN 14214. Also reported are lubricity, heat of combustion, and Gardner color, along with a comparison of CSME to soybean oil methyl esters (SME). CSME exhibited higher oxidative stability, superior low temperature properties, and lower iodine value than SME. In summary, CSME has excellent fuel properties as a result of its unique fatty acid composition.