Showing papers on "Theobromine published in 2017"
TL;DR: A substantial interaction between cocoa flavanols and methylXanthines exists at the level of absorption, in which the methylxanthines mediate an increased plasma concentration of (-)-epicatechin metabolites that coincides with enhanced vascular effects commonly ascribed to cocoa flavanol intake.
83 citations
TL;DR: Results strongly suggested that orally administered theobromine acted as a PDE inhibitor in the brain, and it augmented the cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and motor learning in mice.
Abstract: Theobromine, which is a caffeine derivative, is the primary methylxanthine produced by Theobroma cacao. Theobromine works as a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor to increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). cAMP activates the cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB), which is involved in a large variety of brain processes, including the induction of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF supports cell survival and neuronal functions, including learning and memory. Thus, cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways play an important role in learning and memory. Here, we investigated whether orally administered theobromine could act as a PDE inhibitor centrally and affect cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and learning behavior in mice. The mice were divided into two groups. The control group (CN) was fed a normal diet, whereas the theobromine group (TB) was fed a diet supplemented with 0.05% theobromine for 30 days. We measured the levels of theobromine, phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (p-VASP), phosphorylated CREB (p-CREB), and BDNF in the brain. p-VASP was used as an index of cAMP increases. Moreover, we analyzed the performance of the mice on a three-lever motor learning task. Theobromine was detectable in the brains of TB mice. The brain levels of p-VASP, p-CREB, and BDNF were higher in the TB mice compared with those in the CN mice. In addition, the TB mice performed better on the three-lever task than the CN mice did. These results strongly suggested that orally administered theobromine acted as a PDE inhibitor in the brain, and it augmented the cAMP/CREB/BDNF pathways and motor learning in mice.
40 citations
TL;DR: The results provide an insight that theophylline as well as caffeine could be repurposed as antitumor leading compounds via the downregulation of splicing factor SRSF3 and its target genes.
Abstract: Caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine are the most well-known members of methylxanthines. Caffeine-induced serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2, SRSF2, and SRSF3 are required for the alternative splicing of a subset of cancer-associated genes. However, it remains to be investigated whether and how theophylline and theobromine as well as caffeine exert their antitumor effects through mediating the alternative splicing process. Here, we reveal that theophylline down-regulated SRSF3 expression and switched p53 from alpha into a beta isoform as caffeine did in HeLa and MCF-7 cells via the reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Further functional studies show that theophylline induced cellular apoptosis, senescence, and decreased colony formation. Interestingly, theophylline had a suppressive effect on cellular proliferation, whereas caffeine enhanced cellular proliferation rates via the 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine analysis. Theophylline and caffeine had no effect on MCF-10A cells, which is a normal breast cell line. Our results provide an insight that theophylline as well as caffeine could be repurposed as antitumor leading compounds via the downregulation of splicing factor SRSF3 and its target genes.
38 citations
TL;DR: The colonic metabolites had stronger inhibitory effects on P-selectin expression than their phenolic precursors, suggesting an increase in the efficacy to modulate platelet activation with the metabolism of the phenolic compounds.
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The consumption of a healthy diet rich in polyphenols has been inversely associated with the development of CVD. This study evaluated the effects of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) and yerba mate phenolic extract (YMPE), the main phenolic and methylxanthine constituents (5-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, caffeine, and theobromine), and their main metabolites (caffeic acid, ferulic acid, dihydrocaffeic acid (DHCA) and dihydroferulic acid (DHFA)) on platelet activation in vitro. Upon incubation with different doses (0.01–100 μg mL−1 or μM) of each compound, adenosine 5′-diphosphate-induced P-selectin expression and fibrinogen binding were determined using whole blood flow cytometry. Platelet P-selectin expression was significantly decreased by YMPE and all phenolic and methylxanthine constituents at physiological concentrations, compared with control, whereas fibrinogen binding on platelets was significantly increased. The colonic metabolites (DHCA and DHFA) had stronger inhibitory effects on P-selectin expression than their phenolic precursors, suggesting an increase in the efficacy to modulate platelet activation with the metabolism of the phenolic compounds.
38 citations
TL;DR: Overall, the proposed approach with the high affinity of Fe3O4/MIPs might offer a novel method for the purification of complex isomer samples.
Abstract: Different kinds of deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride (ChCl) and ionic liquids (ILs) based on 1-methylimidazole were used to modify Fe3O4/molecularly imprinted polymers (Fe3O4/MIPs), and the resulting materials were applied for the rapid purification of alkaloid isomers (theobromine and theophylline) from green tea with magnetic solid-phase extraction (M-SPE). The M-SPE procedure was optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM) to analyze the maximum conditions. The materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FI-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Compared to the ILs-Fe3O4/MIPs, the DESs-Fe3O4/MIPs were developed for the stronger recognition and higher recoveries of the isomers (theophylline and theobromine) from green tea, particularly DES-7-Fe3O4/MIPs. With RSM, the optimal recovery condition for theobromine and theophylline in the M-SPE were observed with ratio of methanol (80%) as the washing solution, methanol/acetic acid (HAc) (8:2) as the eluent at pH 3, and an eluent volume of 4 mL. The practical recoveries of theobromine and theophylline in green tea were 92.27% and 87.51%, respectively, with a corresponding actual extraction amount of 4.87 mg•g−1 and 5.07 mg•g−1. Overall, the proposed approach with the high affinity of Fe3O4/MIPs might offer a novel method for the purification of complex isomer samples.
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in water and five organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography method at T = (288.15 to 328.15) K and atmospheric pressure.
Abstract: The solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in water and five organic solvents including methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography method at T = (288.15 to 328.15) K and atmospheric pressure. It was found that the solubility of theobromine, theophylline, and caffeine in these solvents increased with increasing temperature. The empirical Apelblat equation and universal quasichemical model were used to correlate the experimental solubility. The results showed that both models can satisfactorily correlate the solubility data. The crystal forms of the solutes in equilibrium with the saturated solution were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction.
35 citations
TL;DR: Cocoa's theobromine plays a relevant role in some effects related to cocoa intake, such as the lower proportion of IgA-coated bacteria, although other cocoa compounds could also act on intestinal bacteria, attenuating or enhancing the theobomine effects.
Abstract: cope
To establish the role of cocoa theobromine on gut microbiota composition and fermentation products after cocoa consumption in rats.
Methods and results
Lewis rats were fed either a standard diet (RF diet), a diet containing 10% cocoa (CC diet) or a diet including 0.25% theobromine (TB diet) for 15 days. Gut microbiota (fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled to flow cytometry and metagenomics analysis), SCFA and IgA-coated bacteria were analyzed in fecal samples. CC and TB diets induced lower counts of E. coli whereas TB diet led to lower counts of Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp. and Clostridium histolyticum-C. perfingens group compared to RF diet. Metagenomics analysis also revealed a different microbiota pattern among the studied groups. The SCFA content was higher after both CC and TB diets, which was mainly due to enhanced butyric acid production. Furthermore, both diets decreased the proportion of IgA-coated bacteria.
Conclusion
Cocoa's theobromine plays a relevant role in some effects related to cocoa intake, such as the lower proportion of IgA-coated bacteria. Moreover, theobromine modifies gut microbiota although other cocoa compounds could also act on intestinal bacteria, attenuating or enhancing the theobromine effects.
32 citations
TL;DR: It has been found that none of the foods evaluated reach the recommended daily intake limit of 400 mg of caffeine with a single dose, and chocolates had the lowest caffeine content.
Abstract: Methylxanthines present psychostimulant effects. These compounds have low toxicity and their consumption at moderate levels presents some beneficial health effects, whereas some significant risk appears at high levels. Samples of common types of methylxanthine-containing beverages and foods consumed in Spain were analyzed to determine their content. Caffeine was the methylxanthine that was most found in the samples investigated. Instant coffees gave the highest caffeine percentage (18–44 mg·g−1). Green and scented teas were found to have a caffeine dry-weight content (8–26 mg·g−1) equivalent to ground coffees (13–23 mg·g−1), but black and pu-erh teas (18–30 mg·g−1) had a higher caffeine content. The evaluation of the most conventional methods for preparing espresso coffees showed that an espresso contains between 88–116 mg of caffeine. In the case of tea beverages, the amount of caffeine present was 2–3 times smaller than in espresso coffees. Energy drinks showed a similar caffeine content (80–106 mg) as espresso coffees. Chocolates had the lowest caffeine content. It has been found that none of the foods evaluated reach the recommended daily intake limit of 400 mg of caffeine with a single dose. This limit can be reached with 4–5 doses in the case of coffees and energy drinks. In the case of chocolates, the methylxanthine compound detected at large levels was theobromine, with amounts ranging from 4 to 10 mg·g−1 for dark chocolates.
29 citations
TL;DR: In vivo knockdown studies showed that AR1 knockdown in mice attenuated the anti-adipogenic effects of theobromine in younger mice, and the inhibition of AR1 signaling is important for theobronine-induced C/EBPβ degradation.
24 citations
TL;DR: This work reports a method for the simultaneous quantification of caffeine and its three major metabolites in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS).
Abstract: Caffeine is a mild stimulant with significant potential for abuse, being consumed in larger doses with the widespread availability of energy drinks and by novel routes of administration such as inspired powder, oral sprays and electronic cigarettes. How these recent changes in caffeine consumption affecting caffeine disposition and abuse potential is of growing concern. In the study of caffeine disposition in humans, it is common to only measure the caffeine concentration; however, caffeine's three major metabolites (paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline) retain central nervous system stimulant activity that may contribute to the overall pharmacological activity and toxicity. Therefore, it would be scientifically more rigorous to measure caffeine and its major metabolites in the evaluation of caffeine disposition in human subjects. Herein, we report a method for the simultaneous quantification of caffeine and its three major metabolites in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Human plasma samples were treated by simple protein precipitation and the analytes were separated using a 6 min gradient program. Precision and accuracy were well within in the 15% acceptance range. The simple sample preparation, short runtime, sensitivity and the inclusion of caffeine's major metabolites make this assay methodology optimal for the study of caffeine's pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in human subjects.
24 citations
TL;DR: The results presented here indicate that caffeine is metabolised in a similar way in G. mellonella larvae to that in mammals and results in a variety of behavioural and developmental alterations.
TL;DR: It is not likely that the potential beneficial effects of cocoa on CVD can be ascribed to theobromine, as it did not change fasting HDL-C, apoA-I, or postprandial lipid concentrations and duodenal gene expression, and unfavorably affected postPrandial glucose and insulin responses.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 can catalyze the formation of β-and γ-amino epoxides in a regio-and stereo-selective manner, even in the presence of multiple double bonds or aromatic substituents.
Abstract: N-Protected β- and γ-amino epoxides are useful chiral synthons. We report here that the enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 can catalyze the formation of such compounds in a regio- and stereo-selective manner, even in the presence of multiple double bonds or aromatic substituents. To this end, the theobromine chemical auxiliary is used not only to control the selectivity of the enzyme, but also as a masked amine and to facilitate product recovery. Theobromine predictably directed epoxidation at the double bond of the fourth carbon from the theobromine group. Unlike with most catalysts, the selectivity did not depend on electronic or steric factors but rather on the position of the olefin relative to the theobromine group.
TL;DR: The fungus Aspergillus awamori IOC-3914 used in Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) was able to grow in cocoa meal, reduce methylxanthines and produce xylanase as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Cocoa meal, the residue from cocoa processing, when used in animal feed can negatively affect health and performance because of the high concentrations of methylxanthines (theobromine and caffeine) and high fiber content Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is one method to increase the use and value of the residue and to remove undesirable compounds The fungus Aspergillus awamori IOC-3914 used in SSF was able to grow in cocoa meal, reduce methylxanthines and produce xylanase Enzyme production reached about 665 U/g in 48 h before and 72 U/g after optimization The xylanase showed good thermal stability, with residual activity between 97% and 90% after 4 h of incubation between 30 and 40 °C The highest residual activity was obtained at pHs between 50 and 60 Aspergillus awamori reduced the theobromine and caffeine contents by about 69% and 63%, respectively, after the optimization process Addition of feather meal significantly increased the reduction of methylxanthines SSF in cocoa meal using A awamori can expand the options for waste use, by producing enzymes and reducing the contents of undesirable caffeine and theobromine
TL;DR: This is the first report of theobromine production via a metabolically engineered strain, with the highest yield and purity reported of any biological method, and eliminates the harsh reaction conditions and environmental issues associated with the chemical process.
Abstract: This study reports bench-scale feasibility study for production and recovery of theobromine from caffeine using metabolically engineered E. coli. The N1-demethylase genes used in this study were originally discovered in Pseudomonas putida CBB5. Five strains of E. coli engineered with multiple combinations of the two N-demethylase genes were compared for growth and activity. Strain pAD1dDD containing one copy of ndmA and three copies of ndmD in two compatible plasmids, gave the best results (98.5% molar conversion of caffeine to theobromine). The reaction was scaled up to 2 L and theobromine was separated and recovered in nearly 100% pure form via preparative chromatography and drying. Final yield was 80% relative to caffeine. Purity of the product was identical to an authentic standard as judged by LC-MS and NMR. This is the first report of theobromine production via a metabolically engineered strain, with the highest yield and purity reported of any biological method. This method also eliminates the harsh reaction conditions and environmental issues associated with the chemical process.
TL;DR: First evidence for biotransformation of caffeine into theobromine by strains of the genus Salinivibrio is presented, which leads to the formation of two metabolites, identified as theobromaine and paraxanthine.
Abstract: The present study has been conducted towards isolation of moderately halophilic bacteria capable of transforming caffeine into theobromine. A total of 45 caffeine-degrading moderate halophiles were enriched from hypersaline lakes and examined for the biotransformation of caffeine to theobromine by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. Strain GL6, giving the highest yield of theobromine, was isolated from the Hoz Soltan Lake, 20 % w/v salinity, central Iran, and identified as Salinivibrio costicola based on morphological and biochemical features as well as its 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis (GeneBank Accession No. KT378066) and DNA–DNA relatedness. The biotransformation of caffeine with strain GL6 leads to the formation of two metabolites, identified as theobromine and paraxanthine, but the yield of paraxanthine was much lower. Further study on the production of theobromine from caffeine under resting cell experiment was carried out subsequently. The optimal yield of theobromine (56 %) was obtained after a 32-h incubation using 5 mM of caffeine and 15 g l−1 (wet weight) of biomass in 0.1 M saline phosphate buffer (pH 7.0 and 10 % w/v NaCl) under agitation 180 rpm at 30 °C. The biotransformed theobromine was purified by preparative TLC and subjected to FTIR and mass spectroscopy for chemical identification. This is the first evidence for biotransformation of caffeine into theobromine by strains of the genus Salinivibrio.
TL;DR: Results suggested that consumption of caffeine, in low concentrations, mixed with other bioactive molecules along with Li may be safe, despite the controversial nature of caffeine consumption by BD patients.
Abstract: Lithium (Li) is a chemical element used for treating and preventing bipolar disorder (BD) and exerts positive effects such as anti-inflammatory effects as well as undesirable side effects. These effects of Li can be influenced by interaction with some nutritional elements. Therefore, we investigated the potential effects of xanthine (caffeine and theobromine) and catechin molecules present in some food beverages broadly consumed worldwide, such as coffee and tea, on Li-induced anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, we concomitantly exposed RAW 264.7 macrophages to Li, isolated xanthine and catechin molecules, and a xanthine-catechin mixture (XC mixture). We evaluated the effects of these treatments on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, oxidative and antioxidant marker expression, cytokine levels, gene expression, and GSK-3β enzyme expression. Treatment with the XC mixture potentialized Li-induced anti-inflammatory effects by intensification of the following: GSK-3β inhibitory action, lowering effect on proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα), and increase in the levels of IL-10 that is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Despite the controversial nature of caffeine consumption by BD patients, these results suggested that consumption of caffeine, in low concentrations, mixed with other bioactive molecules along with Li may be safe.
TL;DR: Results suggest that actions by Al and theobromine on the same pathway lead to the induction of caffeine biosynthesis.
30 Aug 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of theobromine's gel duration exposure on enamel hardness resistance from 1% citric acid was analyzed and a Mann-Whitney test showed a significant increase and decrease in enamel microhardness between different durations of exposure to theo-bromine gel and immersion in ionic acid (p < 0.05).
Abstract: Theobromine can be used to prevent the demineralization of enamel and can stimulate the growth of new enamels. This study analyzes the effect of theobromine's gel duration exposure on enamel hardness resistance from 1% citric acid. Twenty-eight specimens were divided into three experimental groups; were exposed to theobromine gel 200 mg/l for 16, 48, and 96 minutes; and were then immersed in 1% citric acid. The control group was only immersed in 1% citric acid. Results: A Wilcoxon test showed a significant increase and decrease in enamel microhardness after exposure to theobromine gel and citric acid (p < 0.05). A Mann-Whitney test showed a significant increase and decrease in enamel microhardness between different durations of exposure to theobromine gel and immersion in citric acid (p < 0.05). The application of theobromine gel 200mg/L increased enamel microhardness but did not contribute to the enamel's hardness resistance after immersion in 1% citric acid. The duration of theobromine gel application affected enamel microhardness and acid resistance.
TL;DR: Evaluated the effect of pentoxifylline (individually and in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac), on L-1 sarcoma angiogenic activity and tumor formation in syngeneic Balb/c mice and found dose-dependent decrease of their ability to induce newly-formed blood vessels after transplantation into the skin of recipient mice.
Abstract: Methyloxantines are present in many herbs and vegetal foods, among them in tea, coffee and chocolate. Previous studies revealed that theophylline and theobromine have anti-angiogenic properties. Anti-tumor properties of theobromine were also described. Pentoxifylline (3,7-dimethyl-1-(5-oxohexyl)xanthine, PTX) is a synthetic xanthine derivative. It is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and has various anti-inflammatory abilities. Pentoxifylline is widely used in therapy of inflammatory arterial diseases such as intermittent claudication of upper and lower limbs as well as in coronary heart disease. The aim of our research was to evaluate the effect of pentoxifylline (individually and in combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac), on L-1 sarcoma angiogenic activity and tumor formation in syngeneic Balb/c mice. Pre-incubation of tumor cells for 90 min with various PTX concentrations resulted in dose-dependent decrease of their ability to induce newly-formed blood vessels after transplantation into the skin of recipient mice. Administration of PTX to mice, recipients of tumor cells, slows tumor growth and reduces its volume. Synergistic inhibitory effect of PTX and sulindac, expressed as % of tumors sixth and thirteen day after subcutaneous grafting of L-1 sarcoma into syngeneic Balb/c mice, was observed.
TL;DR: The aim of the study was to investigate IRLs for theobromine in blood and for caffeine and theophylline inBlood and urine.
Abstract: Methylxanthines positives in competition samples have challenged doping control laboratories and racing jurisdictions since methylxanthines are naturally occurring prohibited substances and often constituents of feed. For theobromine, an international threshold (renamed in International Residue Limit, IRL) of 2 µg/mL in urine has been established. On the basis of the data presented herein, a threshold or rather an IRL for theobromine in plasma of 0.3 µg/mL was proposed and was thereupon approved by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA). Official recommendations for reporting caffeine and theophylline are still lacking. The aim of the study was to investigate IRLs for theobromine in blood and for caffeine and theophylline in blood and urine. Therefore, a set of six administrations were carried out including both single i.v. and single oral administrations of caffeine, theobromine and theophylline. Plasma and urine concentrations were determined using a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Applying the Toutain model approach an effective plasma concentration (EPC) of caffeine was estimated at 3.05 µg/mL, irrelevant concentrations in blood (IPC) and urine (IUC) approached 6 and 12 ng/mL, respectively. EPC of theobromine was calculated with 3.80 µg/mL, and irrelevant concentrations of theobromine were determined at 8 ng/mL in plasma and at 142 ng/mL in urine. Toutain modelling of the theophylline data produced an EPC, IPC, and IUC of 3.20 µg/mL, 6 ng/mL, and 75 ng/mL, respectively. The obtained irrelevant concentrations were used to postulate IRLs for theobromine in plasma and for caffeine and theophylline in plasma and urine. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TL;DR: It was shown that the repression of NMT genes during the dry weight accumulation phase of maturing endosperm could be relaxed by the exogenous application of salicylic acid and methyljasmonate, and a probable model was proposed to describe that the crosstalk between salcylic acid or methyljasMonate and the ABA/ethylene pathway and might involve transcription factors downstream to the signaling cascade.
TL;DR: The CEF Panel concluded that caffeine and theobromine would not be expected to present safety concern based on their estimated levels of intake from their use as flavouring substances.
Abstract: Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Food Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF) was requested to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety assessment of the flavouring substances caffeine [FL-no: 16.016] and theobromine [FL-no: 16.032] in the Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, Revision 1. Consequent to the 2015 scientific opinion from the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on the safety of caffeine from all dietary sources, the CEF Panel considered it inappropriate to evaluate the two substances through the Procedure. For caffeine, the Panel based its assessment on the safety threshold of 5.7 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day for adults, except pregnant/lactating women, and 3 mg/kg bw per day for children, adolescents, pregnant and lactating women, as established by the NDA Panel. The safety evaluation of theobromine takes into account that approximately 11% of an oral dose of caffeine is metabolised to theobromine and that both substances have a similar pharmacological profile. For the exposure assessment, a brand loyalty model was chosen. In this model, it was assumed that a consumer is exposed on a long-term basis to a specific category of food (i.e. non-alcoholic beverages), containing caffeine or theobromine at their respective maximum use levels. For the rest of the categories, normal use levels applied. Daily dietary exposure to caffeine and theobromine (excluding systemic exposure) added as a chemically defined flavouring substance ranged 0-2.3 and 0-0.4 mg/kg bw, respectively, across all population groups. The Panel concluded that caffeine [FL-no: 16.016] and theobromine [FL-no: 16.032] would not be expected to present safety concern based on their estimated levels of intake from their use as flavouring substances.
TL;DR: These compounds can be considered as promising hits for potent bronchodilators that may be useful for further investigations, especially 3d, 3f, 5d, 7d and 7e.
Abstract: Aim: The discovery of new bronchodilators with higher efficacy than theophylline is an important issue for asthmatic patients. Materials & methods: Theophylline 2, 8-bromotheophylline 4 and theobromine 6 were reacted with different 2/3-chloro-N-phenylacetamides 1a-d or their propanamide analogs 1e-g to obtain 3a-g, 5a-g and 7a-g, respectively. The target compounds were screened for their in vitro bronchodilator activity using isolated guinea pig tracheal rings precontracted with histamine and compared with their precursors. Results: Many compounds exhibited promising activity especially 3d, 3f, 5d, 7d and 7e. 2D-QSAR study resulted in a significant model (N = 24, n = 5, R 2 = 0.848, R 2cvOO = 0.748, R 2cvMO = 0.745, F = 21.215, s 2 = 0.0002) using CODESSA-Pro software. Conclusion: These compounds can be considered as promising hits for potent bronchodilators that may be useful for further investigations.
TL;DR: In this article, the apparent molar volumes (V2,ϕ) and viscosity B-coefficients for xanthine drugs (caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine) in aqueous (0.09999-0.99989) mol·kg−1 MgCl2 solutions have been determined from measured densities ρ and visosities η, respectively at T = (288.15 to 318.15) K and at pressure p = 101.3 kPa.
Abstract: Apparent molar volumes (V2,ϕ) and viscosity B-coefficients for xanthine drugs (caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine) in aqueous (0.09999–0.99989) mol·kg–1 MgCl2 solutions have been determined from measured densities ρ and viscosities η, respectively at T = (288.15 to 318.15) K and at pressure p = 101.3 kPa. These studies indicate the decrease in solubilization of xanthine drugs with increasing ionic strengths of MgCl2 solutions. The results have also been interpreted in terms of structure making/breaking ability of solutes. Spectroscopic studies also support that hydrophilic–ionic interactions are greater at lower concentrations of MgCl2, which descend and finally become weaker at higher concentrations of MgCl2. This type of behavior may also be understood in terms of a large dehydration effect.
TL;DR: In this article, the presence of methyl xanthine compounds: caffeine, theophylline, theobromine used as ingredients in carbonated soft drinks or as color and flavor ingredients in alcoholic beverages was evaluated.
Abstract: The paper evaluates the presence of methyl xanthine compounds: caffeine, theophylline, theobromine used as ingredients in carbonated soft drinks or as color and flavor ingredients in alcoholic beverages. The active components extracted from the selected products (coffee, tea, drinks) was separated and identified chromatographically using plates with silica nano -Sil NH2 / UV-254, mobile phase ethanol water (50: 1, 50: 3, 50: 5; 50: 7; v / v) and 60 F254 plates, mobile phase acetone-toluene-chloroform (40:30:30 v / v). Separated caffeine and identified by TLC was analyzed using a HelWet Packard 5890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with MS 5972 mass detector and spectral library to confirm identification. This simple and rapid TLC, GC / MS instrumental method is useful in controlling traces of methyl xanthine compounds in food as a food safety measure.is useful in controlling traces compound of food products containing methylxanthines as a food safety measure.
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: Increased theobromine consumption is unlikely to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and combined with other cocoa compounds or consumed by different population groups might have beneficial health effects, however, further research is needed to explore this.
Abstract: Cocoa consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This beneficial effect may be due to the cocoa compound theobromine. One-time consumption of theobromine showed no beneficial health effects but it did show unfavourably effects on blood insulin levels. Four-week theobromine consumption resulted in a reduction of fasting levels of bad cholesterol, and showed unfavourable effects on postprandial glucose and insulin responses. Theobromine showed no beneficial effects on postprandial fat and cholesterol levels in blood, nor on blood vessel function. Therefore, increased theobromine consumption is unlikely to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Theobromine combined with other cocoa compounds or consumed by different population groups might have beneficial health effects. However, further research is needed to explore this.
TL;DR: By reaction of pentacarbonyltetrafluoroboratorhenium with the neutral methylated xanthine derivatives the cationic complexes [(OC)(5)Re-L]+BF4- (L = caffeine, isocaffeine, theophylline, and theobromine) were prepared and spectroscopically characterized.
Abstract: By reaction of pentacarbonyltetrafluoroboratorhenium with the neutral methylated xanthine derivatives the cationic complexes [(OC)(5)Re-L]+BF4- (L = caffeine, isocaffeine, theophylline, theobromine) were prepared and spectroscopically characterized.
16 Oct 2017
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the amount of extractable caffeine in infusions of guayusa leaves treated under two drying processes was determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), obtaining as a result 2,25 % ± 1,78 a of caffeine in young leaves and 6,60 % in mature leaves.
Abstract: Nowadays the guayusa (Ilex guayusa) constitutes a plant with increased national production due to its high amount of caffeine, its stimulating effects in the autonomic nervous system inducing resistance to fatigue and acts as vasodilator; as well as its theobromine content helps to reduce physical and mental fatigue. At the same time, has crossed international borders, making itself known in countries such as the United States, which is Ecuador's main trade partner. In the US products are being developed based on guayusa: tea, loose leaf, energy drinks in different presentations (glass bottle or can). This research study was carried out to determinate the amount of extractable caffeine in infusions of guayusa leaves treated under two drying processes. The biological material was recollected in Archidona-Napo province. The phytochemical analysis was conducted at “Instituto Nacional Autonomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias” (INIAP). For the determination of caffeine and additionally theobromine, young and mature leaves were used. These were treated under two different drying conditions: “green” type 1 (30 °C, 48 h) and “black” type 2 (65 °C, 24 h). The content of the samples as assessed by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), obtaining as a result 2,25 % ± 1,78 a of caffeine in young leaves type 1, 2,05 % ± 1,44 a in young leaves type 2, 2,02 % ± 2,18 a in mature leaves type 1 and 2,13 % ± 0,43 a in mature leaves type 2. In contrast, the theobromine content was not detectable. The drying method type 1 gave better extraction efficiency for each 100 grams of sample. The extraction of young leaves gave as a result 7,58 % of caffeine content and in mature leaves 6,60 %, compared with the samples treated with the drying method type 2, which obtained as a result 6,69 % in young leaves and 6,50 % in mature leaves.