Showing papers on "Vegetable oil refining published in 2010"
TL;DR: It was found that using heterogeneous acid catalyst and enzyme are the best option to produce biodiesel from oil with high FFA as compared to the current commercial homogeneous base-catalyzed process, which still suffers from serious mass transfer limitation problems and therefore is not favorable for industrial application.
1,132 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss in a general and comparative fashion aspects such as fuel production and energy balance, fuel properties, environmental effects including exhaust emissions and co-products, and what the effect of production scale may be.
842 citations
TL;DR: The conversion of vegetable oils into biodiesel is an effective way to overcome all the problems associated with the vegetable oils, such as high fuel viscosity, high ignition delay and longer combustion duration and hence low particulate emissions as discussed by the authors.
782 citations
TL;DR: A carbon-based solid acid catalyst was used to simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification to synthesis biodiesel when a waste vegetable oil with large amounts of free fatty acids (FFAs) was used as feedstock as discussed by the authors.
404 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an isoparaffin-rich jet fuel derived from camelina, a low-input nonfood oilseed crop, was flight tested by a commercial airline and all test results indicate that this hydrotreated renewable jet fuel not only meets stringent engine fuel and performance specifications but also reduces environmental emissions.
Abstract: Recently, an isoparaffin-rich jet fuel derived from camelina, a low-input nonfood oilseed crop, was flight-tested by a commercial airline. To date, all test results indicate that this hydrotreated renewable jet fuel (HRJ) not only meets stringent engine fuel and performance specifications but also reduces environmental emissions. Several scenarios are now being considered for camelina as a sustainable feedstock for advanced biofuel production. For example, growth of camelina in the Northern Plains of the United States on either marginal lands or as a rotation crop during fallow periods on existing lands already in food crop production can avoid the conflict with food cultivation and concerns with indirect land use change impacts. Updated estimates of camelina cultivation requirements and commercial scale oil recovery and refining were used to calculate life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy demand for both HRJ and renewable diesel (green diesel, GD). GHG life cycle emissions for GD and HRJ are 18.0 and 22.4 g CO2 equiv/MJ fuel, which represent savings relative to petroleum counterparts of 80% and 75%, respectively. Scenario analyses were conducted to determine response to model assumptions and data uncertainty, including allocation methodology, N fertilizer application rate, N2O emission factor, source of H2, and farm diesel consumption. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
294 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the work that has already been done in technologies for biodiesel production from used cooking oil and compared the fuel properties of biodiesel with conventional diesel oil.
232 citations
TL;DR: In this article, castor methyl ester (CME) was prepared by transesterification using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as catalyst and was used in four stroke, single cylinder variable compression ratio type diesel engine.
187 citations
TL;DR: The culture and growth of oil rich micro-algae and catalytic process for the conversion of their crude oils or biomass is reviewed in this paper, where a number of conventional catalysts in the petroleum refining industry including transition metals, zeolites, acid and base catalysts can be used with variable effect.
182 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, high cetane index renewable diesel can be obtained by hydroprocessing of palm oil using conventional hydrotreating catalyst (NiMo/γAl2O3).
156 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two basic approaches to the production of green diesel are discussed from the point of view of reaction conditions, catalyst composition and reaction pathways and products, as well as catalytic cracking of triglycerides and related feedstocks over microporous and mesoporous catalysts.
Abstract: Catalytic deoxygenation of triglycerides and related feedstocks for production of biofuels is reviewed in this paper. Green diesel, triglyceride-based hydrocarbons in diesel boiling range, is an attractive alternative to biodiesel—a product of transesterification of vegetable oils, particularly due to its superior fuel properties and full compatibility with current diesel fuels. Two basic approaches to production of green diesel—(i) hydrodeoxygenation of triglycerides and related compounds over metal sulfide catalysts and (ii) deoxygenation over supported noble metal catalysts are thoroughly discussed from the point of view of reaction conditions, catalyst composition and reaction pathways and products. Furthermore, catalytic cracking of triglycerides and related feedstocks over microporous and mesoporous catalysts is reviewed as well. It constitutes an interesting alternative to deoxygenation using hydrotreating and noble metal catalysts as it does not consume hydrogen. It provides a wide spectrum of products reaching from olefins to green gasoline and diesel.
151 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of diesel fuel, the rapeseed oil methyl ester and the soybean oilmethyl ester was made from the engine performance and emissions point of view.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of new feedstocks in meeting increased demand for biodiesel and circumventing the food versus fuel issue, biodiesel production, as well as fuel properties and their improvement are discussed.
Abstract: Biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel, is defined as the mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats. Several current issues affecting biodiesel that are briefly discussed include the role of new feedstocks in meeting increased demand for biodiesel and circumventing the food versus fuel issue, biodiesel production, as well as fuel properties and their improvement.
TL;DR: This paper carried out fast pyrolysis of the entire value chain of two of the mustard family oil seeds, pennycress and camelina, and found that these liquids are low-oxygen, stable intermediates that do not oligomerize over time to higher molecular weight or increase in viscosity over time according to the accelerated aging test.
Abstract: Natural oil from non-food oil seeds, such as camelina, jatropha, and pennycress, is increasingly becoming the feedstock of choice for biodiesel production through transesterification to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) and green diesel via catalytic hydrotreating. Unlike the presscakes from food-based feedstocks, such as soy and palm fruits, the residual oil-extracted presscakes are often not suitable for consumption as animal feed. However, their abundance and the fact that these feedstocks are already collected give them a logistic advantage as a bioenergy resource over conventional lignocellulosic biomass, which is yet to be harvested. Vegetable oil-seed presscakes make an ideal thermochemical conversion feedstock because of their inherently high initial calorific value. We carried out fast pyrolysis of the entire value chain of two of the mustard family oil seeds, pennycress and camelina, and found that, at the optimum fast pyrolysis conditions, not only can high-carbon, high-energy liquid fuel intermediates be produced but also these liquids are low-oxygen, stable intermediates that do not oligomerize over time to higher molecular weight or increase in viscosity over time according to the accelerated aging test. Liquid fuel quality was high, with gross calorific value ranging between 29.0 MJ/kg for defatted oil to 34.7 MJ/kg for the whole seed on a dry basis. The corresponding carbon conversion efficiency, defined as feed carbon converted to the liquid pyrolysate, ranged between 60 and 80%. It is envisioned that co-location of a fast pyrolysis process with a green-diesel plant that uses these feedstocks could provide additional gallons of renewable biofuels and a reliable source of aromatic hydrocarbon compounds needed for the formulation of renewable jet fuels.
TL;DR: In this article, the same fraction containing 5.5% of rapeseed oil was co-processed at 400 and 420°C and under a hydrogen pressure of 18MPa over commercial Ni-Mo catalyst.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of batch thermal cracking reactions was performed using soybean oil and canola oil under reaction conditions leading towards attractive yields of potentially valuable (as fuels and/or chemicals) shorter chain products.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used reverse micellar microemulsions as an extraction solvent to extract peanut oil from micro-emulsion and then used it to produce biodiesel fuel.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of vegetable oil transesterification and vegetable oil-1-butanol-diesel blends on fuel properties, cetane number (CN) and thermal characteristics were experimentally investigated.
Abstract: Vegetable oil derived fuels for diesel engines are becoming important as alternative to petroleum diesel fuels due to their environmental friendliness and availability. Ignition quality in compression ignition (CI) engines is influenced by thermal characteristics and fuel properties. In this study, the effects of vegetable oil transesterification and vegetable oil–1-butanol-diesel blends on fuel properties, cetane number (CN) and thermal characteristics were experimentally investigated. Methyl esters (biodiesel) and 10% vegetable oil–10% 1-butanol–80% diesel blends were prepared from croton oil (CRO), coconut oil (COO) and jatropha oil (JAO). CN was measured in a CFR F-5 engine, and a thermogravimetric analysis (TG), as well as the determination of fuel properties of vegetable oils, biodiesels and blends was carried out. It can be observed for vegetable oils that they possess low volatility characteristics, low CN and high viscosity different from those of biodiesels, blends and diesel fuel. It was observed that biodiesels and blends exhibit similarities with diesel in the fuel characteristics, CN and TG curves.
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-fuel engine test rig for evaluating the potential suitability of Jatropha oil as diesel fuel and for determining the performance and emission characteristics of an engine with jatropha curcas was developed.
Abstract: Diesel engines have proven their utility in the transportation, agriculture, and power sectors in India. They are also potential sources of decentralized energy generation for rural electrification. Concerns on the long-term availability of petroleum diesel and the stringent environmental norms have mandated the search for a renewable alternative to diesel fuel to address these problems. Vegetable oils have been considered good alternatives to diesel in the past couple of years. However, there are many issues related to the use of vegetable oils in diesel engine. Jatropha curcas has been promoted in India as a sustainable substitute to diesel fuel. This study aims to develop a dual fuel engine test rig for evaluating the potential suitability of Jatropha oil as diesel fuel and for determining the performance and emission characteristics of an engine with Jatropha oil. The experimental results suggest that engine performance using Jatropha oil is slightly inferior to that of diesel fuel. The thermal efficiency of the engine was lower, while the brake-specific fuel consumption was higher with Jatropha oil compared with diesel fuel. The levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from Jatropha oil during the entire duration of the experiment were lower than those of diesel fuel. The reduction of NOx was found to be an important characteristic of Jatropha oil as NOx emission is the most harmful gaseous emission from engines; as such, its reduction is always the goal of engine researchers and makers. During the entire experiment, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the case of using Jatropha oil were higher than when diesel fuel was used. The higher density and viscosity of Jatropha oil causes lower thermal efficiency and higher brakespecific fuel consumption. The performance and emission characteristics found in this study are significant for the study of replacing diesel fuel from fossils with Jatropha oil in rural India, where the availability of diesel has always been a problem.
28 Sep 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of fuel injection timing on the exhaust emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine were investigated when it was fueled with canola oil methyl ester−diesel fuel blends.
Abstract: Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning monoalkyl-ester-based oxygenated fuel made from natural, renewable sources, such as new/used vegetable oils and animal fats. The injection timing plays an important role in determining engine performance, especially pollutant emissions. In this study, the effects of fuel injection timing on the exhaust emission characteristics of a single-cylinder, direct-injection diesel engine were investigated when it was fueled with canola oil methyl ester−diesel fuel blends. The results showed that the brake-specific fuel consumption and carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions increased and smoke opacity, hydrocarbon, and carbon monoxide emissions decreased because of the fuel properties and combustion characteristics of canola oil methyl ester. The effect of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of the engine exhibited the similar trends for diesel fuel and canola oil methyl ester−diesel blends. When the results are compared to those of original (ORG) injection timing...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discussed the methodologies used to estimate the viscosities of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels, based on their fatty acid composition, and the proposed methodologies were validated over a wide range of available viscosity data for vegetable oils and diesel fuels of varying composition and for varying temperatures.
Abstract: Among the various alternative fuels, vegetable-oil-based fuels have been attracting greater attention as a promising alternative to fossil diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) engines. Fuel viscosity has a definite effect on fuel injection, spray development, and combustion processes of CI engines; hence, the viscosity estimation of new candidate fuels is significant. This paper discusses the methodologies used to estimate the viscosities of vegetable oil and biodiesel fuels, based on their fatty acid composition. While the methyl ester composition of biodiesel is directly related to the fatty acid composition of the oil, a basis for determining the triglyceride composition to estimate the straight vegetable oil viscosity is elucidated in the paper. The proposed methodologies are validated over a wide range of available viscosity data for vegetable oils and biodiesel fuels of varying composition and for varying temperatures. A comparison of the estimated viscosities with the measured values for 13 veg...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors characterized a system for continuous transesterification of vegetable oil using five continuous stirring tank reactors (5CSTRs) and showed that a high stirring speed increased the reaction rate, but an excessive stir speed decreased the reaction reaction rate and conversion to biodiesel.
Abstract: Biodiesel, or alkyl ester, is an alternative renewable, biodegradable, and non-toxic diesel fuel produced by the catalytic transesterification of vegetable oil. Here we characterize a system for continuous transesterification of vegetable oil using five continuous stirring tank reactors (5CSTRs). We tested residence times of 16–43min, stirring speeds of 200–800rpm, a catalyst concentration (KOH) of 0.25–1 wt% of oil (in gram), different total flow rates of the oil and MeOH, and on the production performance of the 5 stage continuous reactor for transesterification of vegetable oil. Using a molar ratio of oil:methanol of 1:7 and a reaction temperature of 65 °C, we show that a high stirring speed increased the reaction rate, but an excessive stir speed decreased the reaction rate and conversion to biodiesel. Furthermore, a higher catalyst percentage significantly increased the reaction rate and production capacity. A catalyst percentage of 1 wt% of oil gave the best conversion; 99.04 ± 0.05%. The resulting biodiesel esters were characterized for their physical and fuel properties including density, viscosity, iodine volume, acid volume, cloud point, pure point, gross heat of combustion, and volatility. The purity and conversion of the biodiesel was analyzed by HPLC.
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of using two edible plant oils mustard (Brassica nigra, family: Cruciferae) and neem (Azadirachta indica, Family: Meliaceae) as diesel substitute was made.
Abstract: To study the feasibility of using two edible plant oils mustard (Brassica nigra, Family: Cruciferae) and neem (Azadirachta indica, Family: Meliaceae) as diesel substitute a comparative study on their combustion characteristics on a C.I. engine were made. Oils were esterified (butyl esters) before blending with pure diesel in the ratio of 10:90, 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 by volume. Pure diesel was used as control. Studies have revealed that on blending vegetable oils with diesel a remarkable improvement in their physical and chemical properties was observed. Cetane number came to be very close to pure diesel. Engine (C.I.) was run at different loads (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg) at a constant speed (1500 rpm) separately on each blend and also on pure diesel. Results have indicated that engine run at 20% blend of oils showed a closer performance to pure diesel. However, mustard oil at 20% blend with diesel gave best performance as compared to neem oil blends in terms of low smoke intensity, emission of HC and NOx. All the parameters tested viz., total fuel consumption, specific energy consumption; specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and cylindrical peak pressure were improved. These studies have revealed that both the oils at 20% blend with diesel can be used as a diesel substitute. Further, esterified mustard oil at 20% blend satisfies the important fuel properties as per ASTM specifications of biodiesel as it lead to an improvement in engine performance and emission characteristics without bringing any modifications in the engine.
TL;DR: In this paper, the viscosity of biodiesel samples, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), derived from soybean oils, soybean oil from Vistive soybeans, canola oil, recycled canola oils, and coconut oil from 283.15 to 373.15 K and pressures up to 131 MPa, were compared to petroleum-derived diesel at both ambient and elevated pressures.
Abstract: Current and future injector designs for diesel engines approach pressures of greater than 100 MPa. However, the high-pressure physical properties, such as viscosity, of biologically derived diesel fuel (biodiesel) are nearly absent in the literature. This study focuses on the viscosity of biodiesel samples, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), derived from soybean oil, soybean oil from Vistive soybeans, canola oil, recycled canola oil that has been used in cooking and frying, and coconut oil from 283.15 to 373.15 K and pressures up to 131 MPa. Petroleum-derived diesel (ultra-low sulfur, number 2 diesel) has also been investigated to compare to the biodiesel samples. The viscosity of the samples increases linearly with pressure until approximately 35 MPa, followed by a higher order response to pressure. Except for coconut-oil-derived biodiesel, the biodiesel samples have viscosities that are greater than petroleum-derived diesel at both ambient and elevated pressures. However, at lower temperatures and high p...
TL;DR: The overall efficiency of the deoxy-liquefaction of biomass and the decarboxylation of vegetable oil were both enhanced by adding vegetable oil into biomass, and distribution of hydrocarbon oil obtained from the mixture was much more similar to that of diesel oil.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison between conventional fossil diesel fuel and renewable diesel fuel based on hydrotreated vegetable oils (HVO) was performed regarding the oxidation characteristics of the generated soot particulate.
TL;DR: In this article, different ways have been considered to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oils, such as dilution, micro-emulsification, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and transesterification.
Abstract: World annual petroleum consumption and vegetable oil production is about 4.018 and 0.107 billion tons, respectively. Vegetable oils from bio-renewable oil seeds can be used when mixed with diesel fuels. Vegetable oils can be used as fuels for diesel engines, but their viscosities are much higher than usual diesel fuel and require modifications of the engines. Different ways have been considered to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oils, such as dilution, microemulsification, pyrolysis, catalytic cracking, and transesterification. Compared with transesterification, pyrolysis process has more advantages. The liquid fuel produced from pyrolysis has similar chemical components to conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Vegetable oils can be converted to a maximum of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons by pyrolysis, decarboxylation, deoxygenation, and catalytic cracking processes.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a compression ignition engine (direct injected, 4-stroke 2-cylinder engine) by using mahua methyl ester from non-edible vegetable oil (Madhuca indica) and its blends with diesel fuel have been presented.
Abstract: The results of the performance of a compression ignition engine (direct injected, 4-stroke 2-cylinder engine) by using mahua methyl ester from non-edible vegetable oil (Madhuca indica) and its blends with diesel fuel have been presented in this paper. Short-term engine performance tests were conducted using four different blends of mahua methyl ester oil with diesel fuel from 20% to 100% by volume at three fuel temperatures (30, 50 and 700-C) and at two injection pressures (17640 kPa and 24010 kPa). The engine performance parameters studied were power output, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BThE) and exhaust gas temperature (ExGT) by using diesel fuel alone and the above mentioned blend fuels. The performance of engine with blend fuel (20% mahua methyl ester and 80% diesel) was found to be better than the other blend fuels. But the values of power output, BSFC, BThE and ExGT in case of blend fuel B20 (20% mahua methyl ester and 80% diesel) were observed to be respectively 3% more, 9% more, 12%more and 0.5% less than the diesel fuel at 700-C temperature and 24010 kPa pressure. The mahua methyl ester (blends of B20) can be used as an alternative diesel fuel replacement with little sacrifice in brake specific fuel consumption.