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Using Multivariate Statistics

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

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High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

ABSTRACT The opioid crisis has claimed more than a half-million deaths over the past two decades and is one of the leading causes of injury deaths in the United States. The current study examines: 1) public opinion on the severity of the opioid crisis in terms of lives lost compared to other fatal social events, 2) opinions on who has been most affected by the opioid crisis, and the accuracy of these perceptions, 3) opinions on who is responsible or “to blame” for the crisis and who should fix it and 4) the individual and contextual characteristics that are related to these perceptions. Using data from an October 2019 Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) survey, the Center for Disease Control, and the U.S. Census, we find that the public severely underestimates the death toll of the opioid crisis compared to other fatal events. We also find that public perception of who and where have been most affected is fairly accurate, and such views are highly consistent across different locations, contexts, and sociodemographic characteristics of places and respondents. Additionally, we find that the public collectively views pharmaceutical companies and doctors as responsible for contributing to and fixing the opioid overdose crisis.

Public Opinion about America’s Opioid Crisis: Severity, Sources, and Solutions in Context

Public reporting programs such as the “See Something, Say Something” campaign are important counterterrorism measures. Yet public knowledge about terrorism is low, and Americans tend to associate t...

When Do Americans “See Something, Say Something”? Experimental Evidence on the Willingness to Report Terrorist Activity

The Effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy

The American Dream and its culture of competition contain, to use David Matza and Gresham Sykes's term, subterranean values that are favorable to those who are predisposed to employ self-deception to secure their advantage through white-collar illegalities. The history of white-collar crime and efforts to control it illustrate all of the general principles that have been identified regarding deception. Coleman extended neutralization theory by arguing that white-collar offenders latch on to neutralizations that derive from the culture of competition. Sykes and Matza theorized that juvenile delinquents use neutralizations to short-circuit the hold of traditional values so that they can engage in deviant or criminal behavior without suffering any psychic costs. The motivation to justify or excuse white-collar crime through the use of neutralizations may actually be deeply embedded in unconscious mechanisms of brain functioning that promote self-deception. The processes of self-deception apply in organizations.

Subterranean Values, Self-Deception, and White-Collar Crime

Research Summary Washington, DC has implemented second look sentencing. After serving a minimum of 15 years in prison, those convicted of a serious offense committed while under the age of 25 years can petition a judge to take a “second look” and potentially release them from incarceration. To examine both global and specific support for second look sentencing, we embedded experiments in a 2021 MTurk survey and in a follow-up 2022 YouGov survey. Two key findings emerged. First, regardless of whether a crime was committed under 18 years or under 25 years of age, a majority of the public supported second look sentencing. Opposition to the policy was low, even for petitioners convicted of murder. Second, as revealed by vignette ratings, respondents were more likely to support release when a petitioner “signaled” their reform (e.g., completed a rehabilitation program, received a recommendation from the warden) and had the support of the victim (or their family). Policy Implications The critique of mass imprisonment has broadened from a focus on the level of incarceration to the inordinate length of sentences being served by some prisoners. Policies are being proposed to reconsider these long sentences and to provide opportunities for earned release. Second look sentencing in DC is one of these reforms. Our research suggests that many members of the public believe in a “Shawshank redemption” effect—that those committing serious crimes as a teenager or young adult can mature into a “different person” and warrant a second look, with the possibility of early release if they have earned it. A key issue is likely to be how much weight is accorded to the preference of victims or their families in any release decision. 

Francis T. Cullen

Papers

Public Opinion about America’s Opioid Crisis: Severity, Sources, and Solutions in Context

When Do Americans “See Something, Say Something”? Experimental Evidence on the Willingness to Report Terrorist Activity

The Effectiveness of Multisystemic Therapy

Subterranean Values, Self-Deception, and White-Collar Crime

Public support for second look sentencing: Is there a Shawshank redemption effect?