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Using Multivariate Statistics

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

The present article presents a meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory. With 713 independent samples from 515 studies, the meta-analysis finds that intergroup contact typically reduces intergroup prejudice. Multiple tests indicate that this finding appears not to result from either participant selection or publication biases, and the more rigorous studies yield larger mean effects. These contact effects typically generalize to the entire outgroup, and they emerge across a broad range of outgroup targets and contact settings. Similar patterns also emerge for samples with racial or ethnic targets and samples with other targets. This result suggests that contact theory, devised originally for racial and ethnic encounters, can be extended to other groups. A global indicator of Allport's optimal contact conditions demonstrates that contact under these conditions typically leads to even greater reduction in prejudice. Closer examination demonstrates that these conditions are best conceptualized as an interrelated bundle rather than as independent factors. Further, the meta-analytic findings indicate that these conditions are not essential for prejudice reduction. Hence, future work should focus on negative factors that prevent intergroup contact from diminishing prejudice as well as the development of a more comprehensive theory of intergroup contact.

A meta-analytic test of intergroup contact theory.

What good is self-control? We incorporated a new measure of individual differences in self-control into two large investigations of a broad spectrum of behaviors. The new scale showed good internal consistency and retest reliability. Higher scores on self-control correlated with a higher grade point average, better adjustment (fewer reports of psychopathology, higher self-esteem), less binge eating and alcohol abuse, better relationships and interpersonal skills, secure attachment, and more optimal emotional responses. Tests for curvilinearity failed to indicate any drawbacks of so-called overcontrol, and the positive effects remained after controlling for social desirability. Low self-control is thus a significant risk factor for a broad range of personal and interpersonal problems.

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High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success.

1. Introduction and Overview. 2. Detecting Influential Observations and Outliers. 3. Detecting and Assessing Collinearity. 4. Applications and Remedies. 5. Research Issues and Directions for Extensions. Bibliography. Author Index. Subject Index.

Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity

After more than one million COVID-19 deaths and ninety-one million cases in the United States, it is clear that COVID-19 has and will continue to pose a threat to the health of the United States’ population and economy. However, despite the clear and early warnings from the CDC, many have continued to downplay the impact of the pandemic, which has arguably inflamed the perniciousness of the virus. Using data from national surveys conducted a year apart, in March 2020 and March 2021, we examine the perceived national and personal threat of COVID-19 in the United States. We argue that collective narcissism—in the form of White nationalism—has blinded some Americans to this national threat, leading to an inadequate collective response that was further exacerbated by the political leadership of former President Donald Trump. We demonstrate that White nationalism is associated with discounting the national but not personal threat of the virus. This was true both early in the pandemic (2020) and later (2021), after the virus had ravaged the country.

Blinded by the White (Nationalism): Separatist Ideology and Discounting the Threat of COVID-19 to Society

ABSTRACT In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented number of people purchasing firearms/ammunition. However, this was not the only way Americans responded to the pandemic: large swaths of the public also stayed at home and stockpiled goods. Twelve months later, as the pandemic raged, these coping mechanisms were still present as Americans continued to buy guns/ammunition, limit social interactions, and hoard supplies. Using two nationwide surveys conducted one year apart, we examine the extent and sources of gun/ammunition purchasing compared to staying home and panic buying during this unique moment in American history. Results from both surveys indicate that the factors that led to these divergent coping mechanisms vary. Both at the beginning of the pandemic and one year later, the likelihood of purchasing a firearm/ammunition was associated low self-control and White nationalism. Conversely, fear of the virus was associated with people staying home and amassing supplies.

Locked, Stocked, and Charmin: Sources of White Americans’ Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Previous studies measuring attitudes toward norm-violation in sports have indicated that individuals tend to approve of rule-breaking behavior (Flory, 1958; McAffee, 1955). However, no effort has been undertaken in which players' and spectators' attitudes toward norm-violation in sports were tested or the relative strengths of such attitudes were compared. The present endeavor has attempted to make such an assessment. Ss were 18 college hockey players (Mag. = 20 yr.) and 4 6 hockey spectators-26 males (M.,. = 25) and 20 females (M.,,. = 26) . Just prior to the start of a game, Ss were administered a 4-item scale constructed to measure "attitude toward norm-violation." One item measured a general attitude toward rule-breaking. The remaining three items asked Ss to state the degree to which they thought that hockey player norm-violation was justified ( a ) if it would help the player's team win the game, ( b ) if it would allow a player to help a teammate who was being attacked by an opposing player, and (c ) if it would enable a player to "get even" with an opponent who had tried to harm him physically. Ss were asked to respond to each item using a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly disapprove of norm-violation" ( 1 ) to "strongly approve" ( 7 ) . S's score on the scale was the sum total of his responses, possible scores ranging from 4 to 28. T o test the degree to which players and spectators approved of norm-violation. Ss were grouped according to their scores into one of three caregories: high approval (score = 22 to 28) , medium approval (13 to 2 1 ) , and low approval ( 4 to 1 2 ) . T o test the relative strengths of spectators' vs players' attitudes, mean scale scores were computed for both groups and compared by t test. The findings suggested that both players and spectators generally approved of normviolation. For the players, 88.9% scored as h~ghly approving and 11.1% as having medium approval, while for spectators, 15 2 % scored high and 71 8 % medium. Subdivided by sex, 26.9% of the male spectators scored high and 57.7% medium, while no females scored high but 90% scored medium. Comparing strengths of attitudes toward rule-breaking, data indicated that players (mean score = 24) showed greater approval of norm-violation than spectators (M = 16.4; t = 5.13, df = 62, p < .001), than male spectators ( M = 18.4; t = 4.79, df = 42, p < .001), and than female spectators ( M = 13.8; r = 4.04, d f = 44, p < .001). Also, male spectators displayed greater approval o f norm-violation than female spectators ( t = 4.04, df = 44, p < .001).

Francis T. Cullen

Papers

Blinded by the White (Nationalism): Separatist Ideology and Discounting the Threat of COVID-19 to Society

Locked, Stocked, and Charmin: Sources of White Americans’ Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic

Attitudes of Players and Spectators toward Norm-Violation in Ice Hockey