다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

Plant membrane biology

Lipid characterization and metabolism in two red marine algae

Pulmonary surfactant: its isolation, characterization and function.

Lipid metabolism in the moss Dicranum scoparium Hedw. was studied using radiolabelling from [1- 1 4 C]acetate. The effect of two environmental parameters, light and heavy metals, on such metabolism was examined. Radiolabelling was approximately linear for 48 h after which the radioactivity in the total and polar lipid fractions remained constant in the light, whereas it declined in the dark. Pulse-chase experiments confirmed that lipid labelling was influenced by light exposure. Light exposure altered the pattern of polar lipid labelling, especially of those lipids associated with chloroplast membranes. Within the neutral lipids, diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols (TAGs) were the major classes labelled. D. scoparium contained up to 45% of total acyl moieties as 9,12,15-octadecatrien-6-ynoic (18:3A) acid and this was found in a TAG subfraction which could be separated by TLC. Although TAGs always represented 65-75% of total neutral lipid labelling, the proportion of TAGs containing 18:3A was increased with time and by light but reduced by exposure to environmentally relevant levels of Cu 2 + and Pb 2 + . The data suggest that 18:3A is produced in D. scoparium by the action of a bi-functional Δ6-desaturase on α-linolenate. Furthermore, important environmental factors (such as light and heavy metals) significantly change the metabolism of TAGs containing 18:3A.

Lipid metabolism in the moss Dicranum scoparium: effect of light conditions and heavy metals on the accumulation of acetylenic triacylglycerols

Olive fruits, as do most oil crops, accumulate lipid in the form of different molecular species of triacylglycerols. Therefore, in discussing the biosynthesis of olive oil, one must consider, first, how the acyl chains are produced and, second, how these acyl chains are assembled onto the glycerol backbone.

John L. Harwood

Papers

Plant membrane biology

Lipid characterization and metabolism in two red marine algae

Pulmonary surfactant: its isolation, characterization and function.

Lipid metabolism in the moss Dicranum scoparium: effect of light conditions and heavy metals on the accumulation of acetylenic triacylglycerols

Lipid Biosynthesis in Olives