다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

We applied metabolic control analysis to the Kennedy pathway for triacylglycerol formation in tissue cultures from the important oil crops, olive (Olea europaea L.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). When microsomal fractions were incubated at 30 degrees C rather than 20 degrees C, there was an increase in triacylglycerol labelling. This increase was accompanied by a build up of diacylglycerol (DAG) radioactivity in olive but not in oil palm, suggesting that the activity of DAG acyltransferase (DAGAT) was becoming limiting in olive. We used 2-bromooctanoate as a specific inhibitor of DAGAT and showed that the enzyme had a flux control coefficient under the experimental conditions of 0.74 in olive but only 0.12 in oil palm. These data revealed important differences in the regulation of lipid biosynthesis in cultures from different plants and suggest that changes in the endogenous activity of DAGAT is unlikely to affect oil accumulation in oil palm crops.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04964.x

Metabolic control analysis reveals an important role for diacylglycerol acyltransferase in olive but not in oil palm lipid accumulation.

Vegetable oils are an extremely important agricultural commodity. Their use has risen inexorably for the last 50 years and will undoubtedly be even more prevalent in the future. They have a role not only in foodstuffs but also as renewable chemicals. However, our understanding of their metabolism, and particularly its control, is incomplete. In this article we highlight current knowledge and its deficiencies. In particular, we focus on the important role that phosphatidylcholine plays in lipid accumulation and in influencing the quality of the vegetable oils produced.

Acyl-Trafficking During Plant Oil Accumulation.

Summary
• Mosses are particularly able to withstand drought stress. Moreover, abscisic acid (ABA), which is intimately involved during stress in higher plants, has also been implicated in bryophytes. Because membrane damage is a common feature of drought stress, we have studied changes in lipid composition during desiccation and rehydration of the moss Atrichum androgynum and the effect of exogenous ABA on these processes.
• In order to correlate any membrane changes with drought stress, we analysed different lipid classes by thin-layer chromatography, fatty acid composition by gas–liquid chromatography and lipid peroxidation.
• Water stress caused changes in phosphoglyceride composition consistent with an activation of phospholipase D and of phosphatidylinositol metabolism. Recovery of phosphoglyceride composition towards original levels occurred during rehydration and ABA treatment reduced the overall extent of changes. Reduction in thylakoid lipids and chlorophyll coincided with loss of photosynthesis.
• The data show that mosses respond to drought stress similarly to higher plants and that ABA may reduce membrane damage by diminishing the lipid changes.

John L. Harwood

Papers

Metabolic control analysis reveals an important role for diacylglycerol acyltransferase in olive but not in oil palm lipid accumulation.

Acyl-Trafficking During Plant Oil Accumulation.

Abscisic acid modifies the changes in lipids brought about by water stress in the moss Atrichum androgynum

Lipoxygenase pathway in olive callus cultures (Olea europaea)

Incorporation of carbon dioxide, acetate and sulphate into the glycerolipids of Vicia faba leaves.