다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

Abstract It has been found that various thiocarbamate herbicides, known to alter surface wax and cutin synthesis, inhibit the elongation of fatty acids. We have proposed this as a mode of action of such compounds. Because it is believed that the sulphoxide metabolites of thiocarbamates are the active intermediates, we have examined the action of 1-aminobenzotriazole (an inhibitor of sulphoxide formation) on the inhibition of very long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis. In all tissues tested, aminobenzotriazole was able to block the specific inhibitory effect of thiocarbamates on fatty acid elongation. These results add further support to our proposal that fatty acid elongation is a sensitive target site for thiocarbamate herbicides in plants.

Effect of a Safener Towards Thiocarbamates on Plant Lipid Metabolism

~-[2-'~C]glucose and ~-[6-'~C]glucose also appeared in the cell lipid fatty acyl chains. We conclude that L-threonine is a preferred source of lipid carbon for culture form T. brucei under the conditions used. This appears to be unusual since the organism is neither energynor carbonand nitrogen-limited in our growth medium (compare McGilvray & Morris, 1969). We also believe that this is the first report of the 'aminoacetone' pathway being utilized by a eukaryotic cell for the generation of acetate units to be used in lipid biosynthesis.

Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine by Germinating Soya Bean

The effect of thiolactomycin on fatty acid synthesis in peas (Pisum sativum, cv Onward).

This study has given the first indication that two commonly used environmental indicator species contain members of the metallothionein superfamily. This demonstrates that these species use similar proteins to higher life forms to adapt to heavy metal conditions. Future studies will investigate if the MT proteins are present in the specialised compartments containing high levels of sulphur and copper/cadmium or if other cysteine-rich proteins such as the phytochelatin family are involved. Previously reported functions of the MT proteins in metal homeostasis suggests that MT expression may be up-regulated as a consequence of the high metal concentration of the environment from which these organisms were collected. The use of the MT expression profiles, as sensitive indicators of the metal concentration of the environment, will be investigated.

Identification and characterisation of metallothioneins from environmental indicator species as potential biomonitors

All organisms carrying out oxygenic photosynthesis contain the plant sulpholipid, sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol, as a major component of their thylakoid membranes. The lipid was first discovered by Benson and co-workers, and, in some marine algae, may represent up to half of the total lipids. Thus, the plant sulpholipid is a very significant membrane component and makes a major contribution to the sulphur cycle [1,2].

John L. Harwood

Papers

Effect of a Safener Towards Thiocarbamates on Plant Lipid Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Phosphatidylcholine and Phosphatidylethanolamine by Germinating Soya Bean

The effect of thiolactomycin on fatty acid synthesis in peas (Pisum sativum, cv Onward).

Identification and characterisation of metallothioneins from environmental indicator species as potential biomonitors

How is Sulpholipid Metabolised