다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

The appearance of biotypes of the annual grass weed black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides L. Huds), which are resistant to certain graminicides, is the most significant example of acquired resistance to herbicides seen so far in European agriculture. An investigation was perfomed into the basis of the specific cross-resistance to cyclohexanedione (CHD) and aryloxyphenoxypropionoic acid (AOPP) herbicides in the ‘Notts A1’ population of A. myosuroides, which survived treatment of fields with recommended rates of AOPP herbicides. In comparison with the wild-type ‘Rothamsted’ population, the resistant biotype showed over 100-fold resistance to these herbicides in a hydroponic growth system. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and activity of crude extracts of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) were commensurately less sensitive to these herbicides in Notts A1 compared with the Rothamsted biotype. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the highly resistant population has arisen through selection of a mutant ACCase which is much less sensitive to the AOPP and CHD graminicides. Rapidly growing cell suspension cultures established from the Notts A1 population also showed high resistance indices for CHD or AOPP herbicides compared with cultures from the Rothamsted biotype. Fatty acid biosynthesis and ACCase activity in the cell suspensions were similarly sensitive towards the graminicides to those in the foliar tissue counterparts of the resistant and sensitive populations. Moreover, purification of the main (chloroplast) isoform of acetyl-CoA carboxylase showed that this enzyme from the Notts A1 population was over 200-fold less sensitive towards the AOPP herbicide, quizalofop, than the equivalent isoform from the Rothamsted population. These data again fully supported the proposal that resistance in the Notts biotype is due to an insensitive acetyl-CoA carboxylase isoform. Overall, cell suspensions were also demonstrated to be excellent tools for further investigation of the molecular basis of the high level herbicide resistance which is prone to occur in A. myosuroides.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2003.01118.x

Graminicide resistance in a blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) population correlates with insensitivity of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase

Characteristics of acetyl-CoA carboxylases from graminicide-tolerant grasses

Lipids represent some of the most complex biologic molecules, and their diversity is crucial for their cellular functions. The wide range of chemical and physical properties of different lipids determines a variety of roles for these compounds in biologic processes. According to their structures, lipids can be divided into two main groups: the nonpolar lipids (acylglycerols, sterols, free fatty acids, hydrocarbons, alcohols, wax, and steryl esters) and the polar lipids (phosphoglycerides, glycosylglycerides, and sphingolipids). Triacylglycerols act as energy stores and metabolic fuels. Polar lipids and sterols are important structural components of cell membranes where they may have many diverse functions. Arranged as bilayers, they establish permeability barriers for cells and organelles and provide a microenvironment for membrane-associated proteins as well as participate directly in metabolism and a multitude of membrane fusion events (1). Waxes as surface coverings are integral to water balance and protect organisms from noxious environmental conditions. In addition to a structural role, lipids serve as important intermediates in cell signaling pathways (e.g., sphingolipids, inositol lipids, phosphatidic acid, lysophospholipids, oxidative products) and play a role in mediating cellular responses to the environment (2). In this article, we will summarize our knowledge on the structural diversity of lipids that provide information on the various lipid classes and the fatty acids that occur naturally.

Lipids: Chemical Diversity

Use of at least one compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, as an inhibitor of at least one β-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase operable in the fatty acid biosynthesis of endoparasites, which compound is of the general formula (I) where R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, (cyano)alkylene, alkenyl, alkynyl, (alkoxy)alkylene, (alkoxy)alkenylene, (alkoxy)alkynylene, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkylene, (cycloalkyl)alkenylene, (cycloalkyl)alkynylene, (heterocycle)alkylene, (heterocycle)alkenylene, (heterocycle)alkynylene, aryl, (aryl)alkylene, (aryl)alkenylene, (aryl)alkynylene, (arylcarbonylarylene)alkylene, (arylcarbonylarylene)alkenylene and (arylcarbonylarylene)alkynylene; R2 is alkyl or cycloalkyl; R3 is alkyl or cycloalkyl; and R4 is hydrogen or alkyl; including racemic mixtures and enantiomers of said compound when the latter is chiral, but excluding the racemic mixture of a chiral compound of formula (I) in which R1 is CH2=CH-C(CH3)=CH-, R2 is methyl, R3 is methyl and R4 is hydrogen.

John L. Harwood

Papers

Graminicide resistance in a blackgrass (Alopecurus myosuroides) population correlates with insensitivity of acetyl‐CoA carboxylase

Characteristics of acetyl-CoA carboxylases from graminicide-tolerant grasses

Lipids: Chemical Diversity

Compounds and compositions for use in inhibiting endoparasitic fatty acid biosynthesis

Effects of far-red light on the labelling of acyl lipids during the greening of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)