다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

http://www.biochemsoctrans.org/content/ppbiost/14/4/712.1.full.pdf

Acyl lipid metabolism and fatty acid desaturation in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis (CBS 3043)

Acyl carrier protein (ACP) is a small (9kDa) protein which is essential for fatty acid synthesis In bacteria [ l ] and plants [2] which use type I1 dissociable fatty acid synthetases, acyl chains are esterified to ACP through the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group, and ACP acts as a carrier during fatty acid synthesis ACPs from bacteria and plants are very similar All are small acidic proteins with conserved regions particularly around the serine residue through which the prosthetic group is attached The similarity of E coli ACP to many plant ACPs is such that E coli ACP can be used as a substitute for plant ACP in many assays for plant fatty acid synthetase activity; indeed it sometimes proves more active in vitro than the native plant ACP [3] This is useful because such large quantities of plant material are required to isolate relatively small amounts of protein It is therefore easier to isolate E coli ACP E  coli contains only one ACP isoform and also has the advantage of being active in many plant system, whereas plant ACPs often do not work in other plant systems, and different and specific isoforms occur in different tissues [4] It is possible to isolate 20-30mg of ACP from 200g of E coli wet cell paste in 3 days However, assaying plant fatty acid synthesis enzymes requires large quantities of ACP and therefore,

The cloning and overexpression of E coli acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Bryophytes and lichens have a widespread occurrence and can survive under extreme environmental conditions, such as drought, low temperatures, continuous light or prolonged darkness. It has been shown that lipid metabolism is sensitive to both metal response and metal resistance mechanisms in many organisms, including yeast, Silene cucubalus and in the marine brown algae Fucus spp. and Ascophyllum nodosum. In the present study, the effects of lead and copper on lipid metabolism have been studied in two moss species, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus and Dicranum scoparium and also in the lichen Peltigera horizontalis with a cyanobacterial Nostoc photobiont.

Effect of copper and lead on lipid metabolism in bryophytes and lichens.

Few studies have been conducted in order to investigate comprehensively the «greenhouse effect» on wheat growth and even less on the alterations to the lipid content of mature wheat grains which are induced by such environmental changes. The objective of this study was to define any changes in wheat grain acyl lipids as a result of alterations in environmental growth conditions. In fact, qualitative and quantitative changes were observed. Most noticeable was the observation that elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide levels enhanced the accumulation of grain acyl lipids, whereas elevated temperature had the opposite effect. Marked alterations in the acyl moieties of the monoacyl phospholipids (starch-located) were also observed

Influence of the greenhouse effect on the lipid composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds

The effects of interferon (IFN)-gamma and IFN-beta on the incorporation of 14C-linoleic acid into J774.2 cell membrane phospholipids were examined. Interferon-gamma induced a statistically significant increase in incorporation of 14C-linoleic acid into all the major phospholipid classes. In contrast, IFN-beta induced a slightly reduced incorporation of this fatty acid into the phospholipids. Neither IFN-gamma nor IFN-beta had any effect on the incorporation of the saturated fatty acid 14C-stearic acid into the cellular phospholipids. Interferon-gamma had no effect on the metabolism of 14C-linoleic acid in the fibroblast cell line L929. Macrophage membrane fluidity was assessed by spin-label ESR spectroscopy after incubation with either IFN-gamma or IFN-beta. Interferon-gamma significantly increased membrane fluidity whereas IFN-beta significantly decreased the fluidity. The findings of this study reveal that IFN-gamma might act on the enzymes controlling the labelling of the sn2 position of phospholipids (linoleic acid) but not the sn1 position (stearic acid), and this increases the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of macrophage membranes. This increase in polyunsaturation is reflected in the increased membrane fluidity. We also conclude that IFN-beta and IFN-gamma have different mechanisms of action on macrophage membrane lipid metabolism.

Differential effects of interferon-gamma and -beta on fatty acid turnover, lipid bilayer fluidity and TNF-alpha release in murine macrophage J774.2 cells.

John L. Harwood

Papers

Acyl lipid metabolism and fatty acid desaturation in the yeast Rhodotorula gracilis (CBS 3043)

The cloning and overexpression of E coli acyl carrier protein (ACP)

Effect of copper and lead on lipid metabolism in bryophytes and lichens.

Influence of the greenhouse effect on the lipid composition of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds

Differential effects of interferon-gamma and -beta on fatty acid turnover, lipid bilayer fluidity and TNF-alpha release in murine macrophage J774.2 cells.