다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

https://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/Biodiesel.pdf

Biodiesel from microalgae.

https://www.cti2000.it/Bionett/BioD-1999-101%20Biodiesel%20production%20review.pdf

Biodiesel production : a review

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) coordinates a diverse array of cellular programs through transcriptional regulation of immunologically relevant genes. This article reviews the current understanding of IFN-gamma ligand, receptor, signal transduction, and cellular effects with a focus on macrophage responses and to a lesser extent, responses from other cell types that influence macrophage function during infection. The current model for IFN-gamma signal transduction is discussed, as well as signal regulation and factors conferring signal specificity. Cellular effects of IFN-gamma are described, including up-regulation of pathogen recognition, antigen processing and presentation, the antiviral state, inhibition of cellular proliferation and effects on apoptosis, activation of microbicidal effector functions, immunomodulation, and leukocyte trafficking. In addition, integration of signaling and response with other cytokines and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-4, type I IFNs, and lipopolysaccharide are discussed.

https://jlb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1189/jlb.0603252

Interferon-γ: an overview of signals, mechanisms and functions

Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2008.03492.x

Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances

https://portlandpress.com/biochemsoctrans/article-pdf/18/4/656/629845/bst0180656.pdf

Inhibition studies on 5-aminolevulinate biosynthesis in Pisum sativum L. (pea).

Computer model systems are predicting that the present carbon dioxide levels will double, rising to 700ppm by the the middle of the twenty-first century with a concommittent 4°C rise in global temperatures (1). Vegetation will change and concern is particularly mounting as to the possible effects on plant growth and development. Since wheat is a very important crop in temperate areas, we have been investigating the possible impact the “Greenhouse effect” may have on it. It is well recognised that these effects will be complex (2).

Wheat Lipid Accumulation is Altered by the “Greenhouse Effect”

The increasing global demand for vegetable oils will only be met if there are significant improvements in the productivity of the major oil crops, such as oilseed rape. Metabolic engineering offers the prospect of further gains in yield beyond that already achieved by breeding and selection but requires guidance as to the changes that need to be made. Metabolic Control Analysis, through measurement and estimation of flux control coefficients, can indicate which enzymes have the most influence on a desired flux. Some experiments have previously reported flux control coefficients for oil accumulation in the seeds of oilseed rape, and others have measured control coefficient distributions for multi-enzyme segments of oil synthesis in seed embryo metabolism measured in vitro. In addition, other reported manipulations of oil accumulation contain results that are exploited further here to calculate previously unknown flux control coefficients. These results are then assembled within a framework that allows an integrated interpretation of the controls on oil accumulation from the assimilation of CO2 to deposition of oil in the seed. The analysis shows that the control is distributed to an extent that the gains from amplifying any single target are necessarily limited, but there are candidates for joint amplification that are likely to act synergistically to produce much more significant gains. 

Metabolic Control Analysis of triacylglycerol accumulation in oilseed rape

Lipids in Seville

Thiocarbamate herbicides have been reported to affect the biosynthesis of epicuticular lipids of leaves from pea [1]. These alterations may result in an increased vulnerability to environmental factors and enhanced levels of transpiration. Ultimately the death of susceptible plants may ensue. It has been postulated that, once transported into the plant, the thiocarbamate compound is oxidised by a cytochrome P450 mixed function oxidase to its sulphoxide derivative [2]. It is the latter which is believed to be the active herbicidal form. This sulphoxide metabolite is believed to have an inhibitory affect on the various elongases involved in very long chain fatty acid synthesis (precursors of wax and suberin). This inhibition is thought to be selective, no effect having been reported on de novo synthesis of palniitate and stearate [3]. The effects of the thiocarbamate herbicide, pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate) and its sulphoxide on very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) synthesis were investigated. Experimental data showed, both in vivo and in microsomal fractions from germinating pea seeds, that the sulphoxide caused a much greater inhibition of VLCFA synthesis, than the parent molecule. This suggested that the sulphoxide was the active herbicidal form. Subcellular fractionation studies indicated that the elongases are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. The secondary effects on the wax quantity and quality due to this direct inhibition of the various elongases were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.

John L. Harwood

Papers

Inhibition studies on 5-aminolevulinate biosynthesis in Pisum sativum L. (pea).

Wheat Lipid Accumulation is Altered by the “Greenhouse Effect”

Metabolic Control Analysis of triacylglycerol accumulation in oilseed rape

Lipids in Seville

Thiocarbamate Action on very Long Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis in Plants