Aoyama Gakuin University

About: Aoyama Gakuin University is a education organization based out in Tokyo, Japan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Superconductivity & Thin film. The organization has 3494 authors who have published 6419 publications receiving 115648 citations. The organization is also known as: Aoyama gakuin daigaku.

The Price Effects of Spatial Competition

Abstract: A recent paper by Capozza and Van Order (CVO) (1977) proposed a generalization of the Greenhut-Hwang-Ohta (GHO) (1975) analysis of pricing under three alternative types of spatial competition. The GHO analysis was based on a short-run model in which the locations of firms are assumed to be fixed. CVO accordingly proposed relaxation of this rigid assumption to examine if the GHO results also apply to the long-run zero-profit industry equilibrium. They confirmed the GHO results, which, however, they also contended, require certain particular modifications as well in the light of their own models. The CVO contribution lies in their simple model analysis of long-run industry equilibrium conditions-a generalization of the GHO analysis. However, they failed to recognize that the GHO analysis is based on another restrictive assumption regarding the form of the demand function. Moreover, they assumed even more restrictive demand conditions and misled themselves to a conclusion that L6schian competition never results in a lower price than spatial monopoly. Their conclusion is invalid since Loschian competition can be shown to result in a lower (not higher) mill price if only the demand function is assumed to be sufficiently convex to the origin (Ohta (1980)). This calls for a more general examination of conditions under which the firm's f.o.b. mill price may rise or fall due to spatial entry of rival firms. The present paper presents selected results of such examination. Section 2 briefly reviews the theory of spatial monopoly. Initially some fundamental assumptions are set forth. This is followed by derivation of the market demand function for the spatial monopolist. The market demand in turn is shown to be more or less elastic than the assumed basic demand function depending on the curvature of the latter curve. We also comment on the so-called "paradox of spatial monopoly", which we claim is a misnomer. The analytical framework of Section 2 is employed in Section 3 as we generalize previous analyses and present a concise cataloguing of comparative static results of spatial competition.1 Again the basic demand characteristics, in combination with alternative types of spatial competition, are shown to play an important role in yielding the distinct elasticity results, and for that matter competitive equilibrium prices. In the process a counter-example to CVO's aforementioned argument on L6schian pricing is presented. Also discussed is the conceptual distinction between perceived and realized elasticities of demand under spatial competition, which CVO also failed to recognize. As a result, they erred in speculating that equilibrium mill prices would be the same under alternative types of spatial competition, given the size of the market area. We will show that they in fact are not. Section 4 concludes the paper by summarizing the basic results of our analysis.

Asian Pacific-American Campaigns, Elections, and Elected Officials

Abstract: Introduction: The Emerging Political Status of Asian-American Elected OfficialsResearch on Asian-American elected officials is scarce, but Asian-American officeholders are not. The National Asian Pacific American Political Almanac (Lai and Nakanishi 2001) lists hundreds of Asian Americans who hold elected offices in national, state, and local governments, in addition to a number of appointed officials and judges. Furthermore, increasing numbers of Asian-American, political candidates run for national and state-level offices (Cho 2000a; Lien forthcoming), and there have been periodic Asian-American political movements (Wei 1993). Nevertheless, Asian-America political leadership and Asian-Americans' roles in campaigns have often been overlooked in the discussion of minority politics, in part due to the community's relatively young and largely foreign-born population (Brackman and Erie 1995).

Localizing global game jam : designing game development for collaborative learning in the social context

Abstract: Making digital games can help people learn collaboratively Recent advances in game education allow for experimental game development in a short time period with low cost To examine the possibilities of game development and learning, we focus on the recent "game jam" approach in collaborative game development The concept of game jam becomes well-known these days, however, its historical development, goals, and strategies have not yet been explored To bring game jam into the education and learning, we first look at its historical development and key concept referencing Global Game Jam, the biggest annual game jam in the world, and then we discuss the recent case of "localized" Global Game Jam---style events embedded in the social context of a specific region