Aoyama Gakuin University

About: Aoyama Gakuin University is a education organization based out in Tokyo, Japan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Superconductivity & Thin film. The organization has 3494 authors who have published 6419 publications receiving 115648 citations. The organization is also known as: Aoyama gakuin daigaku.

Changes in the Sources of Modern Economic Growth: Japan Compared with the United States☆☆☆

Abstract: The major question addressed in this paper is whether the pattern of economic growth based largely on capital accumulation preceded the pattern predominantly dependent on improvement in efficiency as measured by growth of total factor productivity. Observations on Japan extending back to the early phase of modern economic growth, together with those on the United States by Abramovitz, show that a shift from accumulation-based growth to efficiency-based growth occurred in Japan in the same manner as in U.S. economic history. This shift appears to have been associated with a change in the bias of technological progress from the use of physical capital to the use of human capital. Despite this similarity, economic growth in Japan has continued to depend more heavily on physical capital accumulation even since Japan's economy has reached a mature stage. The significant lag in shifting to efficiency-based growth seems to be characteristic of economic growth based on borrowed technology. This hypothesis is consistent with the similarity in growth patterns between Japan and newly industrializing economies in East Asia.J. Japan. Int. Econ., March 1999,13(1), pp. 1–21. School of International Politics, Economics and Business, Aoyama Gakuin University, Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8366, Japan; and Japan Energy Research Institute, Toranomon 4-3-13, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan.Copyright 1999 Academic Press. Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: N15, O47, O57.

A Stellar-Mass Black Hole in the Ultraluminous X-Ray Source M82 X-1?

Abstract: We have analyzed the archival XMM-Newton data of the archetypal Ultra-Luminous X-ray Source (ULX) M82 X-1 with an LO5 ksec exposure when the source was in the steady state. Thanks to the high photon statistics from the large effective area and long exposure, we were able to discriminate different X-ray continuum spectral models. Neither the standard accretion disk model (where the radial dependency of the disk effective temperature is T(r) proportional to r(sup -3/4)) nor a power-law model gives a satisfactory fit. In fact, observed curvature of the M82 X-1 spectrum was just between those of the two models. When the exponent of the radial dependence (p in T(r) proportional to r(sup -P)) of the disk temperature is allowed to be free, we obtained p = 0.61 (sup +0.03)(sub -0.02). Such a reduction of p from the standard value 3/4 under extremely high mass accretion rates is predicted from the accretion disk theory as a consequence of the radial energy advection. Thus, the accretion disk in M82 X-1 is considered to be in the Slim disk state, where an optically thick Advection Dominant Accretion Flow (ADAF) is taking place. We have applied a theoretical slim disk spectral model to M82 X-1, and estimated the black hole mass approximately equal to 19 - 32 solar mass. We conclude that M82 X-1 is a stellar black hole which has been produced through evolution of an extremely massive star, shining at a several times the super-Eddington luminosity.