Trinity College, Dublin

About: Trinity College, Dublin is a education organization based out in Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 20576 authors who have published 48296 publications receiving 1780313 citations.

Many parallel losses of infA from chloroplast DNA during angiosperm evolution with multiple independent transfers to the nucleus.

Abstract: We used DNA sequencing and gel blot surveys to assess the integrity of the chloroplast gene infA , which codes for translation initiation factor 1, in . 300 diverse angiosperms. Whereas most angiosperms appear to contain an intact chloroplast infA gene, the gene has repeatedly become defunct in z 24 separate lineages of angiosperms, including almost all rosid species. In four species in which chloroplast infA is defunct, transferred and expressed copies of the gene were found in the nucleus, complete with putative chloroplast transit peptide sequences. The transit peptide sequences of the nuclear infA genes from soybean and Arabidopsis were shown to be functional by their ability to target green fluorescent protein to chloroplasts in vivo. Phylogenetic analysis of infA sequences and assessment of transit peptide homology indicate that the four nuclear infA genes are probably derived from four independent gene transfers from chloroplast to nuclear DNA during angiosperm evolution. Considering this and the many separate losses of infA from chloroplast DNA, the gene has probably been transferred many more times, making infA by far the most mobile chloroplast gene known in plants.

Foundations of the AdS5 × S5 superstring: I

Abstract: We review the recent advances towards finding the spectrum of the AdS5 ? S5 superstring. We thoroughly explain the theoretical techniques which should be useful for the ultimate solution of the spectral problem. In certain cases our exposition is original and cannot be found in the existing literature. The present part I deals with foundations of classical string theory in AdS5 ? S5, light-cone perturbative quantization and the derivation of the exact light-cone world-sheet scattering matrix.

A Frailty Instrument for primary care: findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE)

Abstract: A frailty paradigm would be useful in primary care to identify older people at risk, but appropriate metrics at that level are lacking We created and validated a simple instrument for frailty screening in Europeans aged ≥50 Our study is based on the first wave of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, http://wwwshare-projectorg ), a large population-based survey conducted in 2004-2005 in twelve European countries Subjects: SHARE Wave 1 respondents (17,304 females and 13,811 males) Measures: five SHARE variables approximating Fried's frailty definition Analyses (for each gender): 1) estimation of a discreet factor (DFactor) model based on the frailty variables using LatentGOLD® A single DFactor with three ordered levels or latent classes (ie non-frail, pre-frail and frail) was modelled; 2) the latent classes were characterised against a biopsychosocial range of Wave 1 variables; 3) the prospective mortality risk (unadjusted and age-adjusted) for each frailty class was established on those subjects with known mortality status at Wave 2 (2007-2008) (11,384 females and 9,163 males); 4) two web-based calculators were created for easy retrieval of a subject's frailty class given any five measurements Females: the DFactor model included 15,578 cases (standard R 2 = 061) All five frailty indicators discriminated well (p < 0001) between the three classes: non-frail (N = 10,420; 669%), pre-frail (N = 4,025; 258%), and frail (N = 1,133; 73%) Relative to the non-frail class, the age-adjusted Odds Ratio (with 95% Confidence Interval) for mortality at Wave 2 was 21 (14 - 30) in the pre-frail and 48 (31 - 74) in the frail Males: 12,783 cases (standard R 2 = 061, all frailty indicators had p < 0001): non-frail (N = 10,517; 823%), pre-frail (N = 1,871; 146%), and frail (N = 395; 31%); age-adjusted OR (95% CI) for mortality: 30 (23 - 40) in the pre-frail, 69 (47 - 102) in the frail The SHARE Frailty Instrument has sufficient construct and predictive validity, and is readily and freely accessible via web calculators To our knowledge, SHARE-FI represents the first European research effort towards a common frailty language at the community level

Suppression of antitumor immunity by IL-10 and TGF-beta-producing T cells infiltrating the growing tumor: influence of tumor environment on the induction of CD4+ and CD8+ regulatory T cells.

Abstract: We examined the hypothesis that a failure of the immune system to eradicate tumors is due to the immunosuppressive environment created by the growing tumor, which is influenced by the site of tumor growth. We demonstrated that T cell responses to a bystander Ag in mice were suppressed by a growing CT26 tumor. T cells purified from the growing tumor expressed mRNA for IL-10, TGF-β, and Foxp3. Intracellular cytokine staining revealed a high frequency of IL-10-secreting macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4 + and CD8 + T cells infiltrating the tumor. In contrast, T cell IFN-γ production was weak and CD8 + CTL responses were undetectable in mice with CT26 lung metastases and weak and transient following s.c. injection of CT26 cells, but were enhanced in the presence of anti-IL-10 and anti-TGF-β. Consistent with this, removal of CD8 + T cells abrogated CTL responses and promoted progression of the s.c. tumor. However, in the lung model, depletion of CD8 + T cells significantly reduced the tumor burden. Furthermore, depletion of CD4 + or CD25 + T cells in vivo reduced tumor burden in s.c. and lung models, and this was associated with significantly enhanced IFN-γ production by CD8 + T cells. These findings suggest that tumor growth facilitates the induction or recruitment of CD4 + regulatory T cells that secrete IL-10 and TGF-β and suppress effector CD8 + T cell responses. However, CD8 + T regulatory cells expressing IL-10 and TGF-β are also recruited or activated by the immunosuppressive environment of the lung, where they may suppress the induction of antitumor immunity.