Universiti Teknologi Petronas

About: Universiti Teknologi Petronas is a education organization based out in Ipoh, Malaysia. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Adsorption & Ionic liquid. The organization has 6127 authors who have published 11284 publications receiving 119400 citations.

Routing in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks: A Survey on Single- and Cross-Layer Design Techniques, and Perspectives

Abstract: Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) play an important role in intelligent transportation systems for improving security and efficiency. However, due to dynamic characteristics of the vehicular environment, routing remains a significant challenge in the VANETs. While single-layer routing protocols based on the traditional layered open systems interconnection (OSI) model are readily available, they often do not make use of important parameters at the lower three layers of the OSI model when making routing decision. Hence, for making optimal routing decision to gain superior network performance, there is a need to design cross-layer routing that allows information exchange between layers. In this article, a survey of the existing single-layer and cross-layer routing techniques in VANETs is presented, emphasizing on cross-layer routing protocols that utilize information at the physical, medium access control and network layers as routing parameters. An overview and challenges of routing are given, followed by a brief discussion of single-layer routing with more focus on geographic routing. Cross-layer routing protocols are then discussed in detail. The article then elaborates on some advantages and disadvantages of the existing routing approaches, cross-layer routing parameter selection and cross-layer design issues. Finally, some open research challenges in developing efficient routing protocols in the VANETs are highlighted.

EEG based brain source localization comparison of sLORETA and eLORETA

Abstract: Human brain generates electromagnetic signals during certain activation inside the brain. The localization of the active sources which are responsible for such activation is termed as brain source localization. This process of source estimation with the help of EEG which is also known as EEG inverse problem is helpful to understand physiological, pathological, mental, functional abnormalities and cognitive behaviour of the brain. This understanding leads for the specification for diagnoses of various brain disorders such as epilepsy and tumour. Different approaches are devised to exactly localize the active sources with minimum localization error, less complexity and more validation which include minimum norm, low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA), standardized LORETA, exact LORETA, Multiple Signal classifier, focal under determined system solution etc. This paper discusses and compares the ability of localizing the sources for two low resolution methods i.e., sLORETA and eLORETA respectively. The ERP data with visual stimulus is used for comparison at four different time instants for both methods (sLORETA and eLORETA) and then corresponding activation in terms of scalp map, slice view and cortex map is discussed.