Showing papers by "University of Bergen published in 1991"
TL;DR: It is concluded that urinary incontinence in women adversely affects quality of life to a significant degree; the extent depends on the nature ofincontinence and the age of the person.
Abstract: The objectives of this paper were to assess the quality of life of community-living women with urinary incontinence according to age, symptom group, amount of leakage, and duration, by use of the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP). Thirty-six women aged between 40 and 60 years and 40 women aged 70 years or more were randomly selected from the clients attending an incontinence clinic and interviewed using the SIP questionnaire. Urge and stress incontinence subgroups were defined by means of a symptom questionnaire. Total, psychosocial, and physical dysfunctions were moderate (8%, 7%, and 8% respectively) in general, but major differences were found when age and symptom groups were analysed. Urge symptoms were associated with more impairment than symptoms of stress incontinence. The elderly women with symptoms of stress incontinence were relatively little affected, while their younger counterparts were severely affected, especially in the categories of emotional behavior and recreation and pastimes. We conclude that urinary incontinence in women adversely affects quality of life to a significant degree; the extent depends on the nature of incontinence and the age of the person.
407 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Significant amounts of drugs could be detected in lung, heart, ovary, and intestinal wall 14 months after withdrawal of tamoxifen, demonstrating efficient retention and slow washout of these compounds in human tissue.
Abstract: A procedure for the extraction of tamoxifen and metabolites from various rat and human tissues was developed and verified. With this method, we determined the drug and metabolite concentrations during one dosing interval in various tissues (brain, fat, liver, heart, lung, kidney, uterus, and testes) of rats given tamoxifen once daily for 3 or 14 days, and in various normal and malignant tissues obtained during surgery or at autopsy from patients with breast cancer treated with tamoxifen. In the rat, the concentrations of tamoxifen and metabolites in most tissues were 8- to 70-fold higher than in serum. The highest levels were observed in lung and liver; substantial amounts were also recovered from kidney and fat. Fluctuations of metabolites and tamoxifen content in most tissues were observed during one dosing interval, corresponding to a ratio of 4:8 between Cmax and Cmin, except in fat and testicular tissues, where the drug concentrations were relatively stable. In addition to tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, followed by 4-hydroxytamoxifen, 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen, and N-desdimethyltamoxifen, were abundant in most tissues. In contrast, adipose tissue contained only small amounts of these metabolites. The concentrations of tamoxifen and metabolites found in human normal and malignant tissues confirmed and extended the conclusions made in the experiments with rats. In humans, levels were 10- to 60-fold higher in tissues than in serum, and relatively high concentrations were detected in liver and lung. Additionally, pancreas, pancreatic tumor, and brain metastases from breast cancer and primary breast cancer retained large amounts of drug. Again, the amounts of demethylated and hydroxylated metabolites were high in most tissues, except in fat. Tamoxifen and some metabolites were also present in specimens of skin and bone tissue. In one patient, significant amounts of drugs could be detected in lung, heart, ovary, and intestinal wall 14 months after withdrawal of tamoxifen, demonstrating efficient retention and slow washout of these compounds in human tissue.
356 citations
TL;DR: The treated cells had no swollen mitochondria and retained the ability to exclude trypan blue until the final stage of dissolution, supporting the hypothesis that the changes were apoptotic rather than necrotic.
335 citations
TL;DR: The authors deduced the history of high-northern-latitude glaciation over the past 6 Myr from records of ice-borne deposits in deep-sea sediments of the Norwegian Sea.
Abstract: IT is well known that a significant intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation occurred ∼2.5 Myr ago, in contrast to the much earlier onset (∼35 Myr) of glaciation in Antarctica1–3. Much less is known about the behaviour of the climate before 2.5 Myr, and it has remained unclear when sizeable glaciers first started to develop in the Northern Hemisphere. Here we deduce the history of high-northern-latitude glaciation over the past 6 Myr from records of ice-borne deposits in deep-sea sediments of the Norwegian Sea. We find that glaciers large enough to reach sea level were present in the Norwegian Sea area as early as 5.5 Myr, three million years before the intensification of glaciation at 2.5 Myr. Fluctuations in ice volume can be deduced from the oxygen isotope record, but this provides only a global average, which may not reflect the history of ice-sheet growth in specific regions. From a comparison of the oxygen isotope records with the record of ice-rafted material, we derive an estimate of the relative contributions of Southern and Northern Hemisphere glaciation to global variations in ice volume.
318 citations
TL;DR: An adaptive algorithm for numerical integration over hyperrectangular regions is described that uses a globally adaptive subdivision strategy and has been structured to allow ecient implementation on shared memory parallel computers.
Abstract: An adaptive algorithm for numerical integration over hyperrectangular regions is described. The algorithm uses a globally adaptive subdivision strategy. Several precautions are introduced in the error estimation in order to improve the reliability. In each dimension more than one integration rule is made available to the user. The algorithm has been structured to allow ecient implementation on shared memory parallel computers.
301 citations
TL;DR: An apical dentine sampling technique was applied in order to monitor the bacteriology of the pulp canal and radicular dentine before and during treatment of teeth with chronic apical periodontitis.
Abstract: An apical dentine sampling technique was applied in order to monitor the bacteriology of the pulp canal and radicular dentine before and during treatment of teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. Twenty-three teeth with a radiographic diagnosis of apical periodontitis were studied. They were subjected to a standardized two-appointment treatment regimen of extensive apical reaming in the absence of antimicrobial agents and 1-week dressing with calcium hydroxide. Bacteriological samples were taken from the root canal at the start, and apical dentine samples at the end, of each sitting. Provision was made to allow growth of anaerobic bacteria. All root canals but one showed growth at the start of treatment. Dentine samples were positive in 14 of the 23 teeth at the end of the first appointment. Eight of the 23 canals had detectable growth from the canal at the start of the second appointment, but in sufficient numbers for quantification in only one root canal. The subsequent dentine samples were otherwise negative at the second appointment. There was a tendency for teeth causing symptoms to harbour more bacteria than symptomless teeth.
266 citations
TL;DR: Occupational title and exposure to specific agents and work processes may be independent markers of obstructive lung disease in the general population in Norwegian general population.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The importance of occupational exposure to airborne agents in the development of obstructive disease is uncertain. Studying the relation in a community population has the benefit of reducing the healthy worker effect seen in studies of working populations. METHODS: The prevalence of obstructive lung disease was examined in a Norwegian general population aged 18-73 in a two phased cross sectional survey. In the second phase a stratified sample (n = 1512) of those responding in the first phase was invited for clinical and spirometric examination (attendance rate 84%). Attenders were asked to state all jobs lasting greater than 6 months since leaving school and to say whether they had been exposed to any of seven specific agents and work processes potentially harmful to the lungs. RESULTS: The prevalence of asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease was 2.4% and 5.4%, respectively; spirometric airflow limitation (FEV1/FVC less than 0.7 and FEV1 less than 80% of predicted values) was observed in 4.5% of the population. All jobs were categorised into three groups according to the degree of potential airborne exposure. Having a job with a high degree of airborne exposure increased the sex, age, and smoking adjusted odds ratio for obstructive lung disease (asthma and chronic obstructive lung disease) by 3.6 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 9.9) compared with having a job without airborne exposure; the association with spirometric airflow limitation was 1.4 (0.3 to 5.2). Occupational exposures to quartz, metal gases, aluminium production and processing, and welding were significantly associated with obstructive lung disease after adjusting for sex, age, and smoking habit, the adjusted odds ratios varying between 2.3 and 2.7. Occupational exposure to quartz and asbestos was significantly related to spirometric airflow limitation in people older than 50. CONCLUSION: Occupational title and exposure to specific agents and work processes may be independent markers of obstructive lung disease in the general population.
249 citations
TL;DR: Cod larvae, Gadus morhua L., were reared in the laboratory and released to a large marine enclosure 4 to 5 days after hatching and changes in digestive and absorptive abilities, as well as in nutritional needs, take place around days 15–17 after hatch.
Abstract: Cod larvae, Gadus morhua L., were reared in the laboratory and released to a large marine enclosure 4 to 5 days after hatching (6–8° C). The development of the digestive system was studied until day 24 after hatching. Morphological investigations of the jaw apparatus and the digestive tract showed that the larvae are able to absorb ingested food well before exhaustion of the yolk sac. The foregut, and especially the midgut, were particularly active in lipid absorption, and the hindgut was characterized by pinocytotic activity. Duhng the first days of feeding, no distinct prey organisms were observed in the gut, and signs of food absorption in the epithelial cells of the gut were sparse.A distinct red fluorescence, restricted to the hindgut, was observed from day 11 to day 19. On the basis of changes in absorptive pattern in the gut we suggest that changes in digestive and absorptive abilities, as well as in nutritional needs, take place around days 15–17 after hatching.
In starved larvae, signs of degeneration of the gut tissue were first visible in the foregut. By day 9 after hatching, microvilli was degenerated to such an extent that the ability to absorb food must have been severely restricted. If larvae are starved longer than this, they will probably not survive.
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) depression of the Jostedalsbreen ice cap was estimated based on an accumulation area ratio (AAR) of 0.6 and the average depression was 325 + 75−115 m below the present.
212 citations
194 citations
TL;DR: This work was supported by the Norwegian Research Council for Humanities and Sciences and STATOIL, and by Washington State University’s Computer Science Department.
Abstract: J. Berntsen was supported by the Norwegian Research Council for Humanities and Sciences and STATOIL. T. O. Espelid was supported by the Norwegian Research Council for Humanities and Sciences. A Genz was supported by the Norwegian Marshall Fund. Authors’ addresses: J. Berntsen and T. 0. Espelid, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, Thorm$hlensgate 55, N-5008 Bergen, Norway; A. Genz, Computer Science Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-1210. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and/or specific permission. @ 1991 ACM 0098-3500/91/1200-0452 $01.50
TL;DR: The multidish system proved to be far more suitable than the commercial kits in characterization of marine bacteria, both fish pathogenic and nonpathogen, and has applications both for numerical taxonomy and for diversity studies of bacterial communities.
TL;DR: Results show that activation of spinal serotonergic systems is involved in the antinociceptive effect of paracetamol, and the relative importance of this mechanism in the central effect and the mechanisms that cause the activation remain to be determined.
TL;DR: Lithostratigraphic and paleobotanical studies as mentioned in this paper suggest that the Jostedalsbreen ice cap probably disappeared during the early Holocene Hypsithermal interval (ca. 8000-6000 B.P.) and re-formed about 5300B.P.
Abstract: Lithostratigraphic and paleobotanical studies suggest that the Jostedalsbreen ice cap probably disappeared during the early Holocene Hypsithermal interval (ca. 8000-6000 B.P.) and re-formed about 5300 B.P. The equilibrium-line altitude was lower than the modern mean equilibrium-line altitude between 2595 ±85 and 2360 ±80 B.P., between 2250 ±65 and 2150 ±80 B.P., between 1740 ±75 and 1730 ±75 B.P., between 1430 ±45 and 1270 ±60 B.P., and subsequent to 890 ±60 B.P. The outlet valley glaciers reached their maximum Neoglacial extent during the Little Ice Age in the middle of the eighteenth century.
TL;DR: Macrofossil analyses of a 335 cm-long core from Skardtjorna, a small lake on the west coast of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, are presented in this paper.
Abstract: Macrofossil analyses of a 335 cm-long core from Skardtjorna, a small lake on the west coast of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, are presented. The known processes of deposition of plant remains to arctic lake sediments are summarised, and used in the interpretation of the vegetation history at Skardtjorna. The basal sediment is AMS-dated to 8110 ± 110 BP. The rest of the profile is dated by palaeomagnetic correlation.The lowest sediments have the greatest macrofossil concentration and numbers of taxa per sample. The occurrences of Cassiope hypnoides and Salix cf. glauca before 4000 BP indicate a mean July temperature for the early Holocene about 2°C higher than today, comparable to the Cassiope tetragona vegetation zone of the mid-arctic region of the inner fjords. Increasing climatic severity resulted in the threshold from the Cassiope to the Dryas vegetation zone being passed at about 2500 BP.The inferred climatic history at Skardtjorna is compatible with other evidence from Svalbard and elsewhere in the arctic. ...
TL;DR: Examining for the presence of venous and neural invasion gives reliable prediction of recurrences after radical resection of rectal cancer, found to be the third strongest independent predictor of metastasis, after lymph node status and extent of local tumor infiltration.
Abstract: After radical surgery for rectal adenocarcinoma, the presence of venous and neural invasion of tumor cells was correlated with the pattern of treatment failure, local in the pelvis or distant. Of 128 operation specimens, venous and neural invasion was demonstrated in 22 percent and 32 percent, respectively. A significant decrease of the distant recurrence-free 5-year survival (Kaplan-Meier method) was seen when venous invasion was demonstrated (32.9 percentvs.84.3 percent;P<0.0001), whereas more local failures were registered in patients with neural invasion. The local recurrence-free 5-year survival in patients with neural invasion was 64.3 percent, compared with 81.1 percent when neural invasion was not demonstrated (P=0.03). Their prognostic value was then studied in a Cox regression model including stage and grade. Neural invasion had the strongest association with local recurrences, whereas venous invasion was found to be the third strongest independent predictor of metastasis, after lymph node status and extent of local tumor infiltration. We conclude that examining for the presence of venous and neural invasion gives reliable prediction of recurrences after radical resection of rectal cancer. Recording of tumor recurrence pattern may lead to a better selection of patients for adjuvant therapy after surgery.
TL;DR: By taking circadian stage-dependent variations in DNA synthesis into account it may be possible to reduce BM sensitivity to cytotoxic chemotherapy, to increase the effect of hematopoietic growth factors as well as increase the fraction of proliferating cells with careful selection of time of day for harvesting BM cells for auto- or allografting.
TL;DR: This is the first report on the distribution of tamoxifen and metabolites into human brain and brain tumour, and the data form a basis for further investigation into the therapeutic effects of tamxifen on brain metastases from breast cancer.
Abstract: We determined the amount of tamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen (metabolite X), N-desdimethyltamoxifen (metabolite Z), and hydroxylated metabolites (Y, B, BX) in brain metastases from breast cancer and in the surrounding brain tissues. Specimens were collected from the breast cancer patients who received tamoxifen for 7-180 days and with the last dose taken within 28 h before surgical removal of the tumour. The concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites were up to 46-fold higher in the brain metastatic tumour and brain tissue than in serum. Metabolite X was the most abundant species followed by tamoxifen and metabolite Z. Small but significant amounts of the hydroxylated metabolites, trans-1(4-beta-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)-1,2-diphenylbut-1-ene (metabolite Y), 4-hydroxytamoxifen (metabolite B) and 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyltamoxifen (metabolite BX) were detected in most specimens. The ratios between the concentrations of tamoxifen and various metabolites were similar in tumour, brain and serum. This is the first report on the distribution of tamoxifen and metabolites into human brain and brain tumour, and the data form a basis for further investigation into the therapeutic effects of tamoxifen on brain metastases from breast cancer.
TL;DR: Genetic variation of 1017 specimens of codworm, Pseudoterranova decipiens, collected from fish and seals at 23 sampling locations in the North Atlantic and Norwegian and Barents Seas, was analysed on the basis of 16 enzyme loci, indicating high levels of gene flow within each of the three species.
TL;DR: To detect thermophilic spore-forming sulfate-reducing bacteria in oil field water, polyvalent antisera raised against antigens from two isolates were used and these bacteria were shown to be widespread inOil field water from different platforms.
Abstract: Thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated from oil field waters from oil production platforms in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Spore-forming rods dominated in the enrichments when lactate, propionate, butyrate, or a mixture of aliphatic fatty acids (C{sub 4} through C{sub 6}) was added as a carbon source and electron donor. Representative strains were isolated and characterized. The isolates grew autotrophically on H{sub 2}-CO{sub 2} and heterotrophically on fatty acids such as formate, propionate, butyrate, caproate, valerate, pyruvate, and lactate and on alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propanol. Sulfate, sulfite, and thiosulfate but not nitrate could be used as an electron acceptor. The temperature range for growth was 43 to 78C; the spores were extremely heat resistant and survived 131C for 20 min. The optimum pH was 7.0. The isolates grew well in salt concentrations ranging from 0 to 800 mmol of NaCl per liter. Sulfite reductase P582 was present, but cytochrome c and desulfoviridin were not found. Electron micrographs revealed a gram-positive cell organization. The isolates were classified as a Desulfotomaculum sp. on the basis of spore formation, general physiological characteristics, and submicroscopic organization. To detect thermophilic spore-forming sulfate-reducing bacteria in oil field water, polyvalent antisera raisedmore » against antigens from two isolates were used. These bacteria were shown to be widespread in oil field water from different platforms. The origin of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria in the pore water of oil reservoirs is discussed.« less
TL;DR: Comparisons of radiographic diagnosis of secondary carious lesions adjacent to filling materials with different radiopacities showed that a semi-radiopaque restoration seemed favorable and that the best radiopacity slightly exceeded that of enamel.
TL;DR: In this paper, a data set consisting of organic acid anion composition, reservoir depth, temperature and pressure, and inorganic ion composition of 22 samples of produced formation waters from different wells on the Norwegian continental shelf is presented.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is concluded that plasma homocysteine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is elevated prior to therapy, probably because of occasional folate deficiency and increased burden of proliferating cells.
Abstract: Plasma homocysteine was determined in 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The patients were investigated prior to chemotherapy (stage I), during seven weeks of induction chemotherapy (stage II), and thereafter during intermittent high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) therapy (stage III). The patients were followed for a period of three to 15 months, and the study included a total of 80 HD-MTX courses. Before start of chemotherapy (stage I), the average plasma homocysteine level in the children with leukemia was 13.18 +/- 6.23 (SD) mumol/liter, which is significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than the level in control children (6.52 +/- 1.21 mumol/liter). The plasma homocysteine level in the patients was positively correlated with the peripheral white blood cell count (P less than 0.01) and negatively correlated with serum folate (P less than 0.02). The serum folate was normal or subnormal in these patients. During induction therapy with cytotoxic drugs such as vincristine, asparaginase, and intrathecal MTX (stage II), there was a drastic change in plasma homocysteine as a function of time. A reciprocal alteration in serum folate was observed, suggesting fluctuating intracellular folate status at this stage of therapy. At the end of stage II (about seven weeks), there was a significant (P less than 0.01) reduction in total homocysteine (to 7.08 +/- 3.84 mumol/liter). HD-MTX (8 g/m2) therapy with 5-formyltetrahydrofolate "rescue" (stage III) was usually begun about seven weeks after start of chemotherapy, and the patients were followed for two to eight courses separated by three to eight weeks. Plasma homocysteine showed a transient increase (26-64%) following each MTX infusion. After three MTX infusions, basal total plasma homocysteine was reduced to 5.56 +/- 1.12 mumol/liter. During most MTX infusions, there was a variable reduction (17-56%) in plasma methionine followed by a rebound increase. It is concluded that plasma homocysteine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is elevated prior to therapy, probably because of occasional folate deficiency and increased burden of proliferating cells. During induction therapy, monitoring plasma homocysteine and serum folate both suggest a labile folate homeostasis, usually a deficiency state. HD-MTX induced a temporary intracellular folate depletion before 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate was administered, as judged by a transient homocysteinemia. The methionine depletion may interfere with the antileukemic effect of MTX.
TL;DR: An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of the aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon-inducible cytochrome P450IA1 isozyme in fish samples is presented in this article.
TL;DR: Sera from 23 patients with acute Guillain Barré syndrome, 15 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and from 40 age-matched blood donors were analysed for antibodies to acidic glycosphingolipids from human brain and peripheral nerve.
Abstract: Sera from 23 patients with acute Guillain Barre syndrome (GBS), 15 patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and from 40 age-matched blood donors were analysed for antibodies to acidic glycosphingolipids from human brain and peripheral nerve. Antibodies to ganglioside LM1, the major ganglioside of peripheral nerve myelin. were found in 43% of GBS and in 67% of CIDP patients' sera, and in 20% of the blood donors. However, antisulphatide antibodies were detected in 65% and 87% of the sera from GBS and CIDP patients, respectively, but only in 15% of the control sera. Sulphatide is the major acidic glycosphingolipid in myelin and its concentration in peripheral nerve myelin is 100 times higher than that of LM1. The high frequency of LM1 and, in particular of sulphatide antibodies, might thus be relevant to the pathogenesis of the GBS and CIDP.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the BNF-inducible P450s in fish contain regions with structural similarity to the homologous counterpart that has evolved through gene duplication into a P450 family in mammals containing at least two gene products (the P450IA gene family).
Abstract: Antibodies prepared against the major β-naphthoflavone (BNF)-inducible cytochrome P450 (P450) forms from three species of fish (rainbow trout, Atlantic cod, and scup) well separated in teleost phylogeny, were used to investigate the immunochemical relatedness of liver microsomal P450 in different species of BNF-treated fish and rat. Rabbit polyclonal IgG against all three P450s and mouse monoclonal antibodies prepared against scup P450E were employed in this study. Liver microsomes were prepared from BNF-treated specimens of hagfish, herring, rainbow trout, cod, scup, perch, plaice and rat. With Western blotting it was shown that the various antibodies cross-reacted with a protein band in liver microsomes in the P450-region of each of the BNF-treated fish species. The apparent molecular weight of the cross-reacting proteins showed differences within the range 54,000-59,000 daltons. The effects of the different antibodies on the microsomal BNF-inducible 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity gave inhibition patterns that reflected to a certain extent the phylogenetic relationship of the species investigated. In rat microsomes a protein band of relative molecular mass similar to rat P450c (Mr=54,000) was recognized by all antibodies. In addition, a second band of lower molecular mass was strongly recognized by anti-cod P450c antibodies, and faintly stained with anti-rainbow trout P450LM4b IgG and anti-scup P450E MAb 1-12-3. This band could correspond to rat P450d, the isosafrole-inducible rat isoenzyme. Considering the long separate evolutionary history of some of these fishes (50-200 million years), the results demonstrate that certain antigenic epitopes in the BNF-inducible P450 isoenzymes have been strongly conserved during the evolution of fish species. These conserved epitopes seem however not to be directly involved in the measured EROD activities. Furthermore, the results suggest that the BNF-inducible P450s in fish contain regions with structural similarity to the homologous counterpart that has evolved through gene duplication into a P450 family in mammals containing at least two gene products (the P450IA gene family).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the neurobiology of stress ulcers from animal models to potential pharmacotherapeutic mechanisms and found that certain stress-related gastric lesions are brain-driven events which may be more effectively managed through central manipulations than by altering local, gastric factors.
TL;DR: The molecular cloning and primary structure of the zebrafish Wnt‐1 gene is described and it is revealed that both the genomic organization of wnt‐ 1 and the amino acid sequence of the corresponding gene product have been extensively conserved during vertebrate evolution.
Abstract: The Wnt-1 (int-1) gene was originally identified as an oncogene, but its normal function is in embryogenesis. The gene is the vertebrate homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene wingless, and encodes a secretory protein. In mouse embryos, Wnt-1 expression is necessary for proper development of the midbrain and anterior hindbrain. Here we describe the molecular cloning and primary structure of the zebrafish Wnt-1 gene (denoted wnt-1). Comparison with its mouse homologue reveals that both the genomic organization of wnt-1 and the amino acid sequence of the corresponding gene product have been extensively conserved during vertebrate evolution. Moreover, there is probably at least one Wnt-1-related sequence in the zebrafish genome. In zebrafish embryos, wnt-1 is expressed during differentiation of the neural tube. In situ hybridization analysis reveals that the transcripts are confined to the dorsal surfaces of the midbrain, hindbrain and spinal cord, and to lateral cells at the midbrain-hindbrain junction. Thus, the pattern of wnt-1 expression in the developing central nervous system of zebrafish is virtually identical to that seen in mouse embryos. Unexpectedly, despite the striking similarities of Wnt-1 structure and expression in fish and higher vertebrates, we could not identify sequences of obvious homology outside the coding regions, neither in the promoter nor in the introns.
TL;DR: The most apical 2 mm of the root canals of periapically diseased roots were examined for microorganisms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rod-shaped bacteria dominated, but filaments, spirochetes and cocci were also seen.
Abstract: The most apical 2 mm of the root canals of periapically diseased roots were examined for microorganisms by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bacteria in this area were observed in 10 out of 12 (83.3%) cases. The two remaining cases exhibited bacteria more coronally, with tissue remnants between the bacterial front and the apical foramen. Rod-shaped bacteria dominated, but filaments, spirochetes and cocci were also seen. Cocci and rods sometimes formed micro-colonies. Occasionally, cocci were seen attached to filaments forming "corn-cob"-like structures. Deposits resembling bacterial plaque were also found inside the root canal. SEM is useful for studying microbial topography of the apical root canal.
TL;DR: In this paper, an evolutionary model is presented for the formation of brown and white palagonite from basalt and basaltic andesite parentages from hyaloclastite deposits in Iceland.