Showing papers by "University of Nevada, Reno published in 2022"
TL;DR: The Post-hospitalisation COVID-19 study (PHOSP-COVID) as mentioned in this paper is a prospective, longitudinal cohort study recruiting adults (aged ≥18 years) discharged from hospital with COVID19 across the UK.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a partial precast shear wall with double-legs at the base and reserved cast-in-place base zone and wall edges is proposed, which can have comparable and stable seismic performance with the conventional castinplace method and hence can be taken as an alternative in practice.
32 citations
TL;DR: A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based regression approach is proposed to determine the minimum amount of load curtailments of sampled states without solving optimal power flow (OPF) except in the training stage, which is computationally efficient (fast and accurate) in calculating the most common composite system reliability indices.
27 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the spatial patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage through a spatial sampling strategy across neighborhood-scale sewershed catchments and characterized the correlations between the sub-catchments over the sampling period.
25 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined the spatial patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage through a spatial sampling strategy across neighborhood-scale sewershed catchments and characterized the correlations between the sub-catchments over the sampling period.
25 citations
01 Jan 2022-Materials Science and Engineering A-structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing
TL;DR: In this article, a two-step aging heat treatment was proposed to design a bimodal microstructure with distinctively different populations of fine-scale and coarse α precipitates in Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531, wt. %) alloys.
Abstract: The formation of ultra-fine α precipitates in β-titanium alloys can significantly improve strength but may lead to rupture and low ductility. Here, we propose a simple two-step aging heat treatment to design a bimodal microstructure with distinctively different populations of fine-scale and coarse α precipitates in Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr-1Zr (Ti-55531, wt. %) by involving two transformation mechanisms, i.e., classical nucleation and growth, and pseudo-spinodal decomposition. Such a multi-scale α microstructure exhibits a synergistic combination of yield strength (∼1.1 GPa) and ductility (∼19.5% elongation). TEM characterization shows that the appearance of deformation twins in coarse α precipitates contribute to increased ductility, and the higher strength may be attributed to dislocation tangles in fine-scale α precipitates. Our work provides a new strategy to overcome the strength-ductility trade-off by designing a heterogeneous microstructure.
22 citations
TL;DR: The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) describe the adverse health effects associated with for-profit actors and their actions as discussed by the authors, and the cumulative impacts of CDoH on the health and well-being of specific populations.
Abstract: The commercial determinants of health (CDoH) describe the adverse health effects associated with for-profit actors and their actions. Despite efforts to advance the definition, conceptualization, and empirical analyses of CDoH, the term's practical application to mitigate these effects requires the capacity to measure the influences of specific components of CDoH and the cumulative impacts of CDoH on the health and well-being of specific populations. Building on the Global Burden of Disease Study, we begin by conceptualizing CDoH as risk factor exposures that span agency and structural influences. We identify 6 components of these influences and propose an initial set of indicators and datasets to rank exposures as high, medium, or low. These are combined into a commercial determinants of health index (CDoHi) and illustrated by 3 countries. Although now a proof of concept, comparative analysis of CDoH exposures by population, over time and space, and their associated health outcomes will become possible with further development of indicators and datasets. Expansion of the CDoHi and application to varied populations groups will enable finer targeting of interventions to reduce health harms. The measurement of improvements to health and wellness from such interventions will, in turn, inform overall efforts to address the CDoH.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the leading-color two-loop QCD corrections for the scattering of four partons and a W boson, including its leptonic decay, were obtained by setting up a dedicated Ansatz and constraining the free parameters from numerical samples obtained within the framework of numerical unitarity.
Abstract: A bstract We present the leading-color two-loop QCD corrections for the scattering of four partons and a W boson, including its leptonic decay. The amplitudes are assembled from the planar two-loop helicity amplitudes for four partons and a vector boson decaying to a lepton pair, which are also used to determine the planar two-loop amplitudes for four partons and a Z / γ ∗ boson with a leptonic decay. The analytic expressions are obtained by setting up a dedicated Ansatz and constraining the free parameters from numerical samples obtained within the framework of numerical unitarity. The large linear systems that must be solved to determine the analytic expressions are constructed to be in Vandermonde form. Such systems can be very efficiently solved, bypassing the bottleneck of Gaussian elimination. Our results are expressed in a basis of one-mass pentagon functions, which opens the possibility of their efficient numerical evaluation.
17 citations
TL;DR: Recent findings from investigations on the impact of chaos on data assimilation methods are reviewed; for the Kalman filter and smoother in linear systems, analytic results are derived; for their ensemble-based versions and nonlinear dynamics, numerical results provide insights.
Abstract: Chaos is ubiquitous in physical systems. The associated sensitivity to initial conditions is a significant obstacle in forecasting the weather and other geophysical fluid flows. Data assimilation is the process whereby the uncertainty in initial conditions is reduced by the astute combination of model predictions and real-time data. This chapter reviews recent findings from investigations on the impact of chaos on data assimilation methods: for the Kalman filter and smoother in linear systems, analytic results are derived; for their ensemble-based versions and nonlinear dynamics, numerical results provide insights. The focus is on characterizing the asymptotic statistics of the Bayesian posterior in terms of the dynamical instabilities, differentiating between deterministic and stochastic dynamics. We also present two novel results. Firstly, we study the functioning of the ensemble Kalman filter in the context of a chaotic, coupled, atmosphere-ocean model with a quasi-degenerate spectrum of Lyapunov exponents, showing the importance of having sufficient ensemble members to track all of the near-null modes. Secondly, for the fully non-Gaussian method of the particle filter, numerical experiments are conducted to test whether the curse of dimensionality can be mitigated by discarding observations in the directions of little dynamical growth of uncertainty. The results refute this option, most likely because the particles already embody this information on the chaotic system. The results also suggest that it is the rank of the unstable-neutral subspace of the dynamics, and not that of the observation operator, that determines the required number of particles. We finally discuss how knowledge of the random attractor can play a role in the development of future data assimilation schemes for chaotic multiscale systems with large scale separation.
16 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the effects of new digital technologies on individual-level wage and employment dynamics in the United States from 2011-2018 and found that workers with high levels of formal education are most affected by the new generation of digital technologies.
15 citations
TL;DR: A micro-permeable interlayer (MPI) has been found in a salt cavern construction area of the Jintan salt cavern underground gas storage district, Jiangsu, China as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Mahajan et al. as discussed by the authors presented an updated estimation of the bottom-up global surface seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatology, called DMS-Rev3.
Abstract: Abstract. This paper presents an updated estimation of the bottom-up global surface seawater dimethyl sulfide (DMS) climatology. This update, called DMS-Rev3, is the third of its kind and includes five significant changes from the last climatology, L11 (Lana et al., 2011), that was released about a decade ago. The first change is the inclusion of new observations that have become available over the last decade, creating a database of 873 539 observations leading to an ∼ 18-fold increase in raw data as compared to the last estimation. The second is significant improvements in data handling, processing, and filtering, to avoid biases due to different observation frequencies which result from different measurement techniques. Thirdly, we incorporate the dynamic seasonal changes observed in the geographic boundaries of the ocean biogeochemical provinces. The fourth change involves the refinement of the interpolation algorithm used to fill in the missing data. Lastly, an upgraded smoothing algorithm based on observed DMS variability length scales (VLS) helps to reproduce a more realistic distribution of the DMS concentration data. The results show that DMS-Rev3 estimates the global annual mean DMS concentration to be ∼ 2.26 nM (2.39 nM without a sea-ice mask), i.e., about 4 % lower than the previous bottom-up L11 climatology. However, significant regional differences of more than 100 % as compared to L11 are observed. The global sea-to-air flux of DMS is estimated at ∼ 27.1 TgS yr−1, which is about 4 % lower than L11, although, like the DMS distribution, large regional differences were observed. The largest changes are observed in high concentration regions such as the polar oceans, although oceanic regions that were under-sampled in the past also show large differences between revisions of the climatology. Finally, DMS-Rev3 reduces the previously observed patchiness in high productivity regions. The new climatology, along with the algorithm, can be found in the online repository: https://doi.org/10.17632/hyn62spny2.1 (Mahajan, 2021).
TL;DR: In this article, various sizes, shapes, and types of lamellar solid particles and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added in Phosphonium-based ILs.
TL;DR: The authors conducted a large-scale multilevel analysis of more than 400,000 survey respondents and found that COVID-19 vaccination intentions are higher among people from countries that are higher in cultural collectivism.
Abstract: How does culture influence vaccination acceptance? This is an important question facing managers, policy makers, and global health organizations. Even with effective vaccines for highly contagious diseases, humankind remains at risk from vaccine hesitancy. The authors conduct a large-scale multilevel analysis of more than 400,000 survey respondents and find that COVID-19 vaccination intentions are higher among people from countries that are higher in cultural collectivism (Study 1). Follow-up studies indicate that vaccination acceptance is higher among people who endorse collectivistic values because they feel more empathy for those afflicted by the disease (Studies 2a, 2b, 3), especially when victims of the disease have characteristics (e.g., political affiliation, lifestyle, personality) similar to themselves (Study 3). To encourage vaccination acceptance, the authors suggest promoting collectivistic values and empathic concern, as well as homophily through the portrayal of victims with characteristics like those hesitant to accept vaccination.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors developed air pollutant emissions inventories for rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and debris in 2019 and for a speculative space tourism scenario based on the recent billionaire space race.
Abstract: Detailed examination of the impact of modern space launches on the Earth's atmosphere is crucial, given booming investment in the space industry and an anticipated space tourism era. We develop air pollutant emissions inventories for rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and debris in 2019 and for a speculative space tourism scenario based on the recent billionaire space race. This we include in the global GEOS-Chem model coupled to a radiative transfer model to determine the influence on stratospheric ozone (O3) and climate. Due to recent surge in re-entering debris and reusable components, nitrogen oxides from re-entry heating and chlorine from solid fuels contribute equally to all stratospheric O3 depletion by contemporary rockets. Decline in global stratospheric O3 is small (0.01%), but reaches 0.15% in the upper stratosphere (∼5 hPa, 40 km) in spring at 60–90°N after a decade of sustained 5.6% a−1 growth in 2019 launches and re-entries. This increases to 0.24% with a decade of emissions from space tourism rockets, undermining O3 recovery achieved with the Montreal Protocol. Rocket emissions of black carbon (BC) produce substantial global mean radiative forcing of 8 mW m−2 after just 3 years of routine space tourism launches. This is a much greater contribution to global radiative forcing (6%) than emissions (0.02%) of all other BC sources, as radiative forcing per unit mass emitted is ∼500 times more than surface and aviation sources. The O3 damage and climate effect we estimate should motivate regulation of an industry poised for rapid growth.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the origin of the deleterious grain boundary α phase formed during the aging of the β-titanium alloy, Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr 0.5Fe (wt.%).
TL;DR: This work proposes the first study to systematically characterize, model, and compensate for the hysteresis with lonely stroke property in artificial muscles, and primarily considers super-coiled polymer (SCP) actuators.
TL;DR: This paper examined how cattle grazing and prescribed fire affect the abundance (standing crop, cover, frequency, and density) of ventenata and other plant groups on the Palouse and Pacific Northwest Bunchgrass Prairie (PNB).
TL;DR: In this article, a 2D full-waveform inversion of ultrasonic SH-waves (SH-FWI) was used for detection of delamination and rebar debonding in concrete structures.
TL;DR: In this article, a solution-processed VOx through the decomposition of the triisopropoxyvanadium (V) oxide is deposited on the Sb2Se3 absorber layer prepared by close-spaced sublimation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the interaction between a glide dislocation and an incoherent twin boundary (ITB) in copper is investigated using a combined atomistic and mesoscale approach.
TL;DR: In this paper, a deep learning-based multi-label classification approach was proposed to detect coordinated and simultaneously launched data falsification attacks on a large number of distributed generators (DGs).
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors highlight fine fuel decomposition as a key uncertainty in model systems and evaluate the uncertainties associated with different approaches, and use three state-of-the-art fire regime models to demonstrate the sensitivity of decomposition and subsequent wildfire projections to both parameter and model structure uncertainty and show that sensitivity can increase substantially under future climate warming.
Abstract: Climate change has lengthened wildfire seasons and transformed fire regimes throughout the world. Thus, capturing fuel and fire dynamics is critical for projecting Earth system processes in warmer and drier future. Recent advances in fire regime modeling have linked land surface models with fire behavior models. Such models often rely on fine surface fuels to drive fire behavior and effects, and while many models can simulate processes that control how these fuels change through time (i.e., fine fuel accumulation), fuel loading estimates remain highly uncertain, largely due to uncertainties in the algorithms controlling decomposition. Uncertainties are often amplified in climate change forecasts when initial conditions and feedbacks are not well represented. The goal of this review is to highlight fine fuel decomposition as a key uncertainty in model systems. We review the current understanding of mechanisms controlling decomposition, describe how they are incorporated into models, and evaluate the uncertainties associated with different approaches. We also use three state-of-the-art land surface fire regime models to demonstrate the sensitivity of decomposition and subsequent wildfire projections to both parameter and model structure uncertainty and show that sensitivity can increase substantially under future climate warming. Given that many of the governing decomposition equations are based on individual case studies from a single location, and because key parameters are often hard coded, critical uncertainties are currently ignored. It is essential to be transparent about these uncertainties as the domain of land surface models is expanded to include the evaluation of future wildfire regimes.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors report known functions, structures, and mechanisms of updated thioesterase enzyme families, which are classified into 35 families based on sequence similarity, and most families have enzymes that have been crystallized and their tertiary structure resolved.
Abstract: Thioesterases are enzymes that hydrolyze thioester bonds in numerous biochemical pathways, for example in fatty acid synthesis. This work reports known functions, structures, and mechanisms of updated thioesterase enzyme families, which are classified into 35 families based on sequence similarity. Each thioesterase family is based on at least one experimentally characterized enzyme, and most families have enzymes that have been crystallized and their tertiary structure resolved. Classifying thioesterases into families allows to predict tertiary structures and infer catalytic residues and mechanisms of all sequences in a family, which is particularly useful because the majority of known protein sequence have no experimental characterization. Phylogenetic analysis of experimentally characterized thioesterases that have structures with the two main structural folds reveal convergent and divergent evolution. Based on tertiary structure superimposition, catalytic residues are predicted.
TL;DR: In this paper, a damage constitutive equation was embedded in a numerical calculation of a wellbore model with porous cement sheath for engineering application, and a damage evolution model including the effects of pores and micro-cracks was established.
Abstract: As a porous material, the strength and deformation characteristics of cement after well-completion are related to internal pores. This article describes a damage law of cement with pores. The damage law was applied to a damage response analysis of a gas storage salt cavern wellbore during the service period. The damage is caused by two aspects: the initial isotropic damage caused by the primary pores, and the subsequent anisotropic damage caused by the secondary micro-cracks in the matrix. It is necessary to establish a damage evolution model including the effects of pores and micro-cracks. Triaxial compression tests are performed on two sets of cement samples with and without pores to verify the model. By user programmable features (UPFs) in the finite element software ANSYS, the damage constitutive equation is embedded in a numerical calculation. According to the structure and load parameters of a salt cavern in Jintan, a wellbore model with porous cement sheath was established for engineering application. The following conclusions are obtained through experiments and numerical calculations: the pores reduce the strength of cement under low confining pressure but increase the deformability under high confining pressure. If there are no pores in the cement sheath, high damage areas are easily formed at the internal interface. When the porosity becomes 5%, the radial deformation ability is enhanced, and the interface is not easy to debond. However, when the porosity increases to 7.5%, the radial micro-cracks between the pores are formed, resulting in radial destruction.
TL;DR: In order to control the morphing quad-rotor system, a morph-independent dynamic model and the corresponding control strategy are developed and presented and validate that the deployment/morphing mechanism has less effect on flight behavior, but does own advantages of multi-maneuverability and morphological adaptation.
TL;DR: In this article , a Bayesian framework was developed to infer the inherent data and modeling uncertainties of spectral analysis to infer key source properties of nearby earthquakes for path and site attenuation.
Abstract: The spectra of earthquake waveforms can provide important insight into rupture processes, but the analysis and interpretation of these spectra is rarely straightforward. Here we develop a Bayesian framework that embraces the inherent data and modeling uncertainties of spectral analysis to infer key source properties. The method uses a spectral ratio approach to correct the observed S-wave spectra of nearby earthquakes for path and site attenuation. The objective then is to solve for a joint posterior probability distribution of three source parameters—seismic moment, corner frequency, and high-frequency falloff rate—for each earthquake in the sequence, as well as a measure of rupture directivity for select target events with good azimuthal station coverage. While computationally intensive, this technique provides a quantitative understanding of parameter tradeoffs and uncertainties and allows one to impose physical constraints through prior distributions on all source parameters, which guide the inversion when data is limited. We demonstrate the method by analyzing in detail the source properties of 14 different target events of magnitude M5 in southern California that span a wide range of tectonic regimes and fault systems. These prominent earthquakes, while comparable in size, exhibit marked diversity in their source properties and directivity, with clear spatial patterns, depth-dependent trends, and a preference for unilateral directivity. These coherent spatial variations source properties suggest that regional differences in tectonic setting, hypocentral depth or fault zone characteristics may drive variability in rupture processes, with important implications for our understanding of earthquake physics and its relation to hazard.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effect of gratitude on materialism in a marketing context and illustrate that gratitude-based campaigns can shift consumer preference away from material goods and toward experiential purchases.
TL;DR: In this article , the Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki) was evaluated against the cutaneous fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) in vitro and in vivo.
Abstract: To combat the threat of emerging infectious diseases in wildlife, ecoimmunologists seek to understand the complex interactions among pathogens, their hosts, and their shared environments. The cutaneous fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has led to the decline of innumerable amphibian species, including the Panamanian golden frog (Atelopus zeteki). Given that Bd can evade or dampen the acquired immune responses of some amphibians, nonspecific immune defenses are thought to be especially important for amphibian defenses against Bd. In particular, skin secretions constitute a vital component of amphibian innate immunity against skin infections, but their role in protecting A. zeteki from Bd is unknown. We investigated the importance of this innate immune component by reducing the skin secretions from A. zeteki and evaluating their effectiveness against Bd in vitro and in vivo. Following exposure to Bd in a controlled inoculation experiment, we compared key disease characteristics (e.g., changes in body condition, prevalence, pathogen loads, and survival) among groups of frogs that had their skin secretions reduced and control frogs that maintained their skin secretions. Surprisingly, we found that the skin secretions collected from A. zeteki increased Bd growth in vitro. This finding was further supported by infection and survival patterns in the in vivo experiment where frogs with reduced skin secretions tended to have lower pathogen loads and survive longer compared to frogs that maintained their secretions. These results suggest that the skin secretions of A. zeteki are not only ineffective at inhibiting Bd but may enhance Bd growth, possibly leading to greater severity of disease and higher mortality in this highly vulnerable species. These results differ from those of previous studies in other amphibian host species that suggest that skin secretions are a key defense in protecting amphibians from developing severe chytridiomycosis. Therefore, we suggest that the importance of immune components cannot be generalized across all amphibian species or over time. Moreover, the finding that skin secretions may be enhancing Bd growth emphasizes the importance of investigating these immune components in detail, especially for species that are a conservation priority.
08 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , a survey of practicing forensic anthropologists was conducted to explore the number and types of case reports written and possible influential factors, including demographic information, employment type, institution where master's degree or PhD were obtained, type of reports written, professional organization membership, certification, graduate research focus, among others.
Abstract: Objectives There are currently no baseline data regarding the amount and types of case reports produced by forensic anthropologists. This research fills that gap by providing data on caseloads of practicing forensic anthropologists and identifying variables that may contribute to amount and type of casework. Materials and methods A survey was distributed to practicing forensic anthropologists (n = 364) to explore number of case reports written and possible influential factors. Questions included demographic information, employment type, institution where master's degree or PhD were obtained, type of reports written, professional organization membership, certification, graduate research focus, among others. Data were analyzed using summary statistics, a random forest model, network analysis, and structural equation modeling. Results The mean number of sole-authored skeletal analysis reports per year was 12.33 and field recovery reports was 2 per year. Statistical analyses identified several variables influencing case loads which included: number of fieldwork reports per year, current employment, total number of cases analyzed, age, publication record, and institution of doctoral degree. Network analyses revealed that individuals in academic settings tended to have a bioarchaeological research focus from their graduate work, whereas those in an applied setting had a focus on forensic anthropology. Further, degree institution influenced employment type. Discussion/conclusions These data address expectations for the number of cases analyzed by a forensic anthropologist per year and set a baseline for expectations and performance. Based on these results, we suggest that forensic anthropology is underutilized in the medicolegal death investigation system and more forensic anthropologists should be employed within Medical Examiner/Coroner's Offices.