Showing papers by "University of Pennsylvania published in 1977"
TL;DR: This article used subjective estimates and extrapolations in an analysis of mail survey data from published studies for estimates of the magnitude of bias and found that the use of extrapolation led to substantial improvements over a strategy of not using extrapolation.
Abstract: Valid predictions for the direction of nonresponse bias were obtained from subjective estimates and extrapolations in an analysis of mail survey data from published studies For estimates of the magnitude of bias, the use of extrapolations led to substantial improvements over a strategy of not using extrapolations
11,245 citations
TL;DR: A method of scaling ratios using the principal eigenvector of a positive pairwise comparison matrix is investigated, showing that λmax = n is a necessary and sufficient condition for consistency.
8,117 citations
TL;DR: The method can be applied to most laboratory animals in the conscious state and is based on the use of 2‐deoxy‐D‐[14C]glucose as a tracer for the exchange of glucose between plasma and brain and its phosphorylation by hexokinase in the tissues.
Abstract: — A method has been developed for the simultaneous measurement of the rates of glucose consumption in the various structural and functional components of the brain in vivo. The method can be applied to most laboratory animals in the conscious state. It is based on the use of 2-deoxy-D-[14C]glucose ([14C]DG) as a tracer for the exchange of glucose between plasma and brain and its phosphorylation by hexokinase in the tissues. [14C]DG is used because the label in its product, [14C]deoxyglucose-6-phosphate, is essentially trapped in the tissue over the time course of the measurement. A model has been designed based on the assumptions of a steady state for glucose consumption, a first order equilibration of the free [14C]DG pool in the tissue with the plasma level, and relative rates of phosphorylation of [14C]DG and glucose determined by their relative concentrations in the precursor pools and their respective kinetic constants for the hexokinase reaction. An operational equation based on this model has been derived in terms of determinable variables. A pulse of [14C]DG is administered intravenously and the arterial plasma [14C]DG and glucose concentrations monitored for a preset time between 30 and 45min. At the prescribed time, the head is removed and frozen in liquid N2-chilled Freon XII, and the brain sectioned for autoradiography. Local tissue concentrations of [14C]DG are determined by quantitative autoradiography. Local cerebral glucose consumption is calculated by the equation on the basis of these measured values.
The method has been applied to normal albino rats in the conscious state and under thiopental anesthesia. The results demonstrate that the local rates of glucose consumption in the brain fall into two distinct distributions, one for gray matter and the other for white matter. In the conscious rat the values in the gray matter vary widely from structure to structure (54-197 μmol/100 g/min) with the highest values in structures related to auditory function, e.g. medial geniculate body, superior olive, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex. The values in white matter are more uniform (i.e. 33–40 μmo1/100 g/min) at levels approximately one-fourth to one-half those of gray matter. Heterogeneous rates of glucose consumption are frequently seen within specific structures, often revealing a pattern of cytoarchitecture. Thiopental anesthesia markedly depresses the rates of glucose utilization throughout the brain, particularly in gray matter, and metabolic rate throughout gray matter becomes more uniform at a lower level.
5,988 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a metal-to-insulator transition at dopant concentrations near 1% was shown for polyacetylene, a new class of conducting polymers in which the electrical conductivity can be systematically and continuously varied over a range of eleven orders of magnitude.
Abstract: Doped polyacetylene forms a new class of conducting polymers in which the electrical conductivity can be systematically and continuously varied over a range of eleven orders of magnitude. Transport studies and far-infrared transmission measurements imply a metal-to-insulator transition at dopant concentrations near 1%.
2,945 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the same analytical framework is used to obtain new results on the effect of inflation on the market price of risk, and it turns out that by using nominal values for returns, the market prices of risk under inflation is increased by positive covariance between the rate of inflation and the market rate of return, and decreased by negative covariance.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some extensions on the demand for risky assets. The research on capital asset pricing has until very recently been devoted almost exclusively to the interrelationships of the risk premiums among different risky assets rather than to the determinants of the market price of risk. Such research has also generally relied on theoretical preconceptions to determine the appropriate utility functions of individual investors upon which both the market price of risk and the pricing of individual risky assets depend. The chapter discusses the highlights of the theoretical and empirical analysis and their conclusions. Then, the same analytical framework is used to obtain new results on the effect of inflation on the market price of risk. It turns out that by using nominal values for returns, the market price of risk under inflation is increased by positive covariance between the rate of inflation and the market rate of return, and decreased by negative covariance. However, statistically as the actual covariance has been very small since the latter part of the 19th century, at least in the USA, the measured market price of risk is not affected appreciably by the adjustment for inflation.
1,218 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single comprehensive equation is developed for the rate of heat and mass transfer from a circular cylinder in crossflow, covering a complete range of Pr (or Sc) and the entire range of Re for which data are available.
Abstract: A single comprehensive equation is developed for the rate of heat and mass transfer from a circular cylinder in crossflow, covering a complete range of Pr (or Sc) and the entire range of Re for which data are available. This expression is a lower bound (except possibly for RePr < 0.2); free-stream turbulence, end effects, channel blockage, free convection, etc., may increase the rate. In the complete absence of free convection, the theoretical expression of Nakai and Okazaki may be more accurate for RePr < 0.2. The correlating equation is based on theoretical results for the effect of Pr in the laminar boundary layer, and on both theoretical and experimental results for the effect of Re. The process of correlation reveals the need for theoretical results for the effect of Pr in the region of the wake. Additional experimental data for the effect of Pr at small Pe and for the effect of Re during the transition in the point of separation are also needed.
849 citations
TL;DR: The traditional sociological position that sex is "learned, diffuse, role behavior" fair enough in itself seemed to have innoculated previous generations of social scientists against understanding instead of allowing the disease to spread as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: 1. In modern industrial society, as apparently in all others, sex is at the base of a fundamental code in accordance with which social interactions and social structures are built up, a code which also establishes the conceptions individuals have concerning their fundamental human nature. This is an oft stated proposition, but until recently its awesomely ramified significance escaped us. The traditional sociological position that sex is "learned, diffuse, role behavior" fair enough in itself seemed to have innoculated previous generations of social scientists against understanding instead of allowing the disease to spread. More even than in the matter of social class, these students simply acted like everyone else, blindly supporting in their personal conduct exactly what some at least should have been studying. As usual in recent years, we have had to rely on the discontented to remind us of our subject matter.
839 citations
TL;DR: Cognitive therapy resulted in significantly greater improvement than did pharmacotherapy on both a self-administered measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and clinical ratings (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Raskin Scale) and follow-up contacts indicate that treatment gains evident at termination were maintained over time.
Abstract: Forty-one unipolar depressed outpatients were randomly assigned to individual treatment with either cognitive therapy (N =19)or imipramine (N =22).As a group, the patients had been intermittently or chronically depressed with a mean period of 8.8 years since the onset of their first episode of depression, and 75%were suicidal. For the cognitive therapy patients, the treatment protocol specified a maximum of 20 interviews over a period of 12 weeks. The pharmacotherapy patients received up to 250 mg/day of imipramine for a maximum of 12 weeks. Patients who completed cognitive therapy averaged 10.90 weeks in treatment; those in pharmacotherapy averaged 10.86 weeks. Both treatment groups showed statistically significant decreases in depressive symptomatology. Cognitive therapy resulted in significantly greater improvement than did pharmacotherapy on both a self-administered measure of depression (Beck Depression Inventory)and clinical ratings (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Raskin Scale).Moreover, 78.9%of the patients in cognitive therapy showed marked improvement or complete remission of symptoms as compared to 22.7%of the pharmacotherapy patients. In addition, both treatment groups showed substantial decrease in anxiety ratings. The dropout rate was significantly higher with pharmacotherapy (8 Ss)than with cognitive therapy (1 S).Even when these dropouts were excluded from data analysis, the cognitive therapy patients showed a significantly greater improvement than the pharmacotherapy patients. Follow-up contacts at three and six months indicate that treatment gains evident at termination were maintained over time. Moreover, while 68%of the pharmacotherapy group re-entered treatment for depression, only 16%of the psychotherapy patients did so.
789 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate the social benefits of product innovations used by firms and households, and the gap between social and private rates of return between the two groups is discussed.
Abstract: I. Introduction, 221.—II. The sample of innovations, 222.—III. Estimation of social benefits: product innovations used by firms, 222.—IV. Parallel innovative efforts, time horizon, and rates of return, 226.—V. Product innovations used by households, 229.—VI. Process innovations, 231.—VII. Social and private rates of return, 233.—VIII. Factors associated with the gap between social and private rates of return, 235.—IX. Unemployment, repercussions on other markets, and future changes in technology, 238.—X. Conclusion, 239.
676 citations
TL;DR: Injective von Neumann algebras R are characterized by any one of the following: (1) a relative interpolation property, (2) a finite "projectivity" property, and (3) an approximate factorization as discussed by the authors.
578 citations
TL;DR: Preursors of cytotoxic cells thus have the same high frequency of cells reactive to alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex as found among proliferating cells in graft- vs-host reactions and mixed lymphocyte interactions.
Abstract: Using limiting dilutions of responding cells in mouse mixed leukocyte cultures, we obtained direct estimates of the minimum frequency of precursors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL.P) for a variety of antigens. Depending on the strain combination, there were as many as 4-15 CTL.P reactive to DBA/2 among 10(4) lymph node cells. Taking into account that only 5-10% of peripheral T lymphocytes have the potential to develop into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (6), this implies that at least 1-2% of all CTL.P are responsive to any given H-2 haplotype difference. Precursors of cytotoxic cells thus have the same high frequency of cells reactive to alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex as found among proliferating cells in graft-vs.-host reactions and mixed lymphocyte interactions. The frequencies of CTL.P reactive to xenoantigens (rat) or trinitrophenyl-modified self were less than half the frequency of alloreactive CTL.P. A minority of the CTL.P specific for one H-2 haplotype were also reactive to a third party H-2 haplotype, presumably on the basis of recognition of shared determinants. By dilution of sensitized cells from single microcultures, it was shown that a single CTL.P undergoes a minimum of three to four cell divisions and generates at least 8-16 CTLs after antigenic activation.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply recent advances in understanding mechanisms of unidirectional deformation to fatigue and propose reinterpretations or new mechanisms for the following: the formation of dislocation veins and of persistent slip bands (PSB's), the behavior of dislocations in established PSB's, and the transformation of PSB dipolar walls into dislocation cells.
TL;DR: The effects of respiratory and metabolic acidosis on myocardial contractility and energy production have been investigated in the perfused rat heart and results indicated that respiratory acidosis caused an 80% inhibition of pressure development at pH 6.7.
Abstract: SUMMARYThe effects of respiratory and metabolic acidosis on myocardial contractility and energy production have been investigated in the perfused rat heart. Respiratory acidosis, produced by increasing the Pco2, caused an 80% inhibition of pressure development at pH 6.7. When artificial buffers (plu
TL;DR: In this paper, two studies were reported to explore the hypothesis that young children perceive integrally some stimuli that older children perceive separably, and the general finding is that the kinder-garten data systematically implicate integrality of size and brightness while the fifth-grade data are more ambiguous.
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlating equation for assisting convection was developed by combining correlating equations for pure free and pure forced convection, based on laminar boundary-layer theory for an isothermal, vertical plate.
Abstract: A correlating equation for assisting convection was developed by combining correlating equations for pure free and pure forced convection. These component equations are based on laminar boundary-layer theory for an isothermal, vertical plate. Theoretical values for assisting convection indicate that the third root of the sum of the third powers gives the best representation, as contrasted with the choice and rationalization of the second or fourth power by prior investigators.
This expression was modified by the addition of a limiting value Nuo to obtain a better representation below the domain of boundary-layer theory and was generalized for uniform heating and for spheres and horizontal cylinders by the appropriate choice of the characteristic length.
TL;DR: An enhanced production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and the relatively low catalase content of heart tissue may be factors in the cardiotoxicity induced by adriamycin chemotherapy if a similar reaction occurs in vivo.
TL;DR: It is reported here that PMA mimics some of the effects of the Rous sarcoma tumour agent on myogenesis, and of the purified phorbol esters, PMA is the most potent as a tumour-promoting agent and as a mitogen.
Abstract: EVIDENCE that viruses and chemical carcinogens alter the ongoing synthetic programme of cells has been presented1,2 Chondroblasts and melanoblasts transformed with a temperature-sensitive Rous sarcoma virus cease synthesising the chondroblast-unique sulphated proteoglycan and melanin, respectively3 Shifted to non-permissive temperature, these cells re-initiate the synthesis of the chondroblast-unique sulphated proteoglycan and melanin Similar results have been obtained using chick myogenic cells4,5 Normal presumptive myoblasts undergo a limited number of replications, yielding postmitotic, mononucleated myoblasts Postmitotic myoblasts initiate the synthesis of muscle-specific myosin heavy and light chains and fuse into myotubes6,7 In contrast, ts-viral transformed myogenic cells continue to replicate, do not initiate the synthesis of muscle-specific myosins and do not fuse 24–48 h after shifting to non-permissive temperature, many transformed myogenic cells withdraw irreversibly from the cell cycle, initiate the synthesis of muscle-specific (unpublished data) myosins and fuse Apparently when the transformation factor is expressed the cells do not withdraw from the cell cycle, and as a consequence of being forced to cycle, do not terminally differentiate To probe the mechanisms that might be common to the generation of terminally differentiated cells from normal precursor cells, and to the generation of malignant cells from normal precursor cells, we studied the effects of phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) on myogenesis Of the purified phorbol esters, PMA is the most potent as a tumour-promoting agent and as a mitogen8–12 We report here that PMA mimics some of the effects of the Rous sarcoma tumour agent on myogenesis
TL;DR: The macrolide class of natural products, although known for some time, has until recently received little synthetic attention as discussed by the authors, mainly due to the lack of general synthetic methodology and the complex structures involved, but in recent years has changed with the development of new experimental techniques.
TL;DR: The view that genetic and evolutionary factors are important for understanding behavior is supported by theoretical considerations, as well as empirical data, which would force the conclusion.
Abstract: During recent years there has been a remarkable resurgence of interest in questions relating t o the evolution of behavior. Biologists have always assumed that evolutionary considerations are essential for understanding the structure and function of living creatures. But psychologists, and particularly American psychologists, have, a t best, ignored the fact that animals evolved, and, a t worst, they have attempted t o demonstrate that an animal’s genotype (and particularly a human genotype, and thus the evolutionary history) is totally irrelevant for studying behavior. Such a position must necessarily argue that all the genetic variation for brain organization from which natural selection created the modern human brain suddenly disappeared some third of a million years ago when Homo sapiens first appeared, or else it must argue that genetic variations in neurologic structure have n o implications for behavior. The former argument not only is a t variance with known genetic principles, but also is contradicted by even the most cursory inspection of a few fetal brain specimens. The latter argument is mystical and has been refuted by observed co-variances between patterns of cerebral and behavioral organization, as for example, the association between handedness and the direction and degree of asymmetry in the size of the parietal o p er cu lum . I However, even if n o empirical data were available t o support the view that genetic and evolutionary factors are important for understanding behavior, theoretical considerations would force the conclusion. For any animal, behavior stands at the top of a hierarchy of organization (extending through the molecular, organic, and organismic) that serve t o preserve the animal’s life and assure the continuation of the species. Without a finely adapted behavioral organization t o coordinate the activities of lower-level systems, even if these systems had the most perfect mechanical and biochemical designs, survival and procreation would not be possible. Further, and most importantly, the more highly evolved is an animal, the more dependent is his biological fitness on behavior. For example, although the rate of heat loss from the body is slower for people with light than dark skins, a native Kenyan is as capable of surviving in Alaska as a Swede through the behavioral compensations he can and will make. In shaping the human family, the forces of natural selection have acted much more strongly in selecting adaptable behavior than in selecting uniquely human fixed structural traits. If information coded in the human genome guides the development of any aspect of man, then it surely guides those aspects that define his humanity. As Piaget has emphasized, in the primates and man, intelligence itself, and all the cognitive operations and behavioral patterns it implies, is a biological adaptation that allows its possessors t o construct schemas that encompass the entire spatiotemporal dimension of reality.2 It should be obvious, then, that those neuroanatomic organizations especially relevant t o the unique cognitive dynamics of man are the consequence of a bio-
TL;DR: The electrocardiographic pattern appears to represent an interatrial conduction defect that can be produced by a variety of factors and is unrelated to either left atrial pressure or volume overload.
Abstract: The mechanism of the electrocardiographic pattern termed left atrial enlargement was evaluated in 21 patients. Left atrial size and pressure as well as interatrial conduction were correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement using echocardiography, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and activation time from the P wave to the coronary sinus. In the group as a whole only prolongation of interatrial conduction time was consistently related to the electrocardiographic pattern of left atrial enlargement; left atrial size or pressure was not predictably abnormal in patients with this pattern. Five patients had neither elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure nor echocardiographic evidence of an enlarged left atrium. When the etiologic type of heart disease was analyzed, an enlarged left atrium correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement only in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease (eight of nine patients). Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement in all four patients with cardiomyopathy. In patients with coronary artery disease the electrocardiographic pattern was unrelated to either left atrial pressure or volume overload. Thus, the electrocardiographic pattern termed left atrial enlargement appears to represent an interatrial conduction defect that can be produced by a variety of factors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the utility of angular resolved photoemission with synchrotron radiation to determine the bonding configuration of adsorbed molecules was demonstrated, based on an understanding of the gas phase phase photoexcitation of the molecule and making specific use of the polarized and continuum nature of the photon source to investigate the angle resolved emission from the adsorbate.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of minority carrier recombination in the depletion region of silicon solar cells on their currentvoltage characteristics has been investigated and it was shown that the saturation current j 01 is not necessarily attributable Only to diffusion current from outside the depletion regions and that solely its temperature dependence can clarify its origin.
Abstract: The influence of minority carrier recombination in the depletion region of silicon solar cells on their current-voltage characteristics has been investigated. Starting with cells which exhibited a clear double-exponential dark characteristic of the form j = j_{01}[\exp (\frac{qV}{(A_{1}kT})-1] + j_{02}[\exp (\frac{qV}{A_{2}kT})-1] + \frac{V}{R_{sh}} with values A_{1} \approx 1 , A_{2} \approx 2 , and R sh large, depletion region recombination was studied by subjecting the cells to proton irradiation of 20- to 80-MeV energy at fluences of 1012to 1015cm-2, so as to introduce further recombination centers in the depletion region. A significant change of j 01 resulted rather than the expected change in j 02 which would be caused by the introduction of deeplying levels. It could be shown that this effect, included inthe Sah, Noyce, Shockley formulation of diode current resulting from recombination in the depletion region, Was caused by the introduction of shallow levels in the depletion region by the proton irradiation. The analysis required an accurate measurement of the I-V Characteristics over a range of temperatures and an evaluation of them with a least squares Curve fitting computer program in order to separate the effects. As a result of this study it is found that the saturation current j 01 is not necessarily attributable Only to diffusion current from outside the depletion region and that solely its temperature dependence can clarify its origin.
TL;DR: In this article, the photon energy dependence of the partial photoionization cross sections and branching ratios for CO and N 2 was measured using the continuum radiation produced by an electron storage ring.
Abstract: The photon energy dependence of the partial photoionization cross sections and branching ratios for CO and ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ have been measured using the continuum radiation produced by an electron storage ring. These measurements were conducted over the photon energy range of 14 to 50 eV. The partial photoionization cross sections in the energy region of the photoionization continuum are in good agreement with recent calculations where both the theory and experiment exhibit scattering resonances for specific states of the ion. The continuously variable photon energy source was utilized to examine the effect of autoionization on the partial photoionization cross section, showing in several cases quite different structure depending upon the final state of the ion.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the behavior of a subset of prices and price indexes that is relevant to the theory of balance of payments adjustment, and the empirical evidence regarding these prices is then set out.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe the behavior of that subset of prices and price indexes that is relevant to the theory of balance of payments adjustment. The theoretical writings on the balance of payments may be viewed at this juncture as falling into two main groups -- the "standard" theories and the more recent monetary theories. Each of these is examined to determine the assumptions and predictions made about particular kinds of prices, and the empirical evidence regarding these prices is then set out. Although some assessment of the theories -- solely from the price aspect -- is offered, the emphasis is on the price structure and price behavior that ought to be captured in a satisfactory theory of the mechanisms of international adjustment. For pragmatic reasons, attention is placed mainly on the theory relating to exchange rate changes rather than on the explanation of adjustment with fixed exchange rates.
TL;DR: By the end of the century, traditional therapeutics had altered fundamentally; this is a significant event not only in the history of medicine, but in social history as well; historians have not only failed to delineate this change in detail, they have hardly begun to place it in a framework of explanation which would relate it to all those other changes which shaped the twentieth-century Western world.
Abstract: Medical therapeutics changed in some ways remarkably little in the 2 millennia preceding 1800; by the end of the century, traditional therapeutics had altered fundamentally. This is a significant event not only in the history of medicine, but in social history as well. Yet historians have not only failed to delineate this change in detail, they have hardly begun to place it in a framework of explanation which would relate it to all those other changes which shaped the twentieth-century Western world. Medical historians have always found therapeutics an awkward piece of business. On the whole, they have responded by ignoring it.1 Most historians who have addressed traditional therapeutics have approached it as a source of anecdote, or as a murky bog of routinism from which a comforting path led upward to an ultimately enlightened and scientifically based therapeutics. Isolated incidents such as the introduction of quinine or digitalis seemed only to emphasize the darkness of traditional practice in which they appeared. Among twentieth-century students of medical history, the generally unquestioned criterion for understanding pre-nineteenth-century therapeutics has been physiological, not historical: did a particular practice act in a way that twentiethcentury understanding would regard as efficacious? Did it work? Yet therapeutics is after all a good deal more than a series of pharmacological or surgical experiments. It involves emotions and personal
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: Luborsky et al. as mentioned in this paper tracked a whale-sized theme, "the core conflictual relationship theme," in psychotherapy and found that the theme was correlated with curative factors.
Abstract: I’ll first tell the story of the preparation for tracking a whale-sized theme, “the core conflictual relationship theme,” and then tell its method. The idea surfaced recently after a long search for the curative factors in psychotherapy (Luborsky, in press). It took shape as part of the perspective gained after seeing the consistent results of the three largest multivariate predictive psychotherapy studies: the Chicago Counseling Center Project (Fiske, Cartwright & Kirtner, 1964), the Mitchell et al. Arkansas Project (1973), and the Penn Psychotherapy Project (Luborsky et al., in progress).
TL;DR: Tubular disruption with glycerol lowers apparent GCl but not GK, suggesting that the transverse tubule (T-tubule) system is permeable to Cl- in this species.
Abstract: In muscle fibers from the rat diaphragm, 85% of the resting membrane ion conductance is attributable to Cl-. At 37 degree C and pH 7.0, GCl averages 2.11 mmho/cm2 while residual conductance largely due to K+ averages 0.34 mmho/cm2. The resting GCl exhibits a biphasic temperature dependence with a Q10 of 1.6 between 6 degree C and 25 degree C and a Q10 of nearly 1 between 25 degree C and 40 degree C. Decreasing external pH reversibly reduced GCl; the apparent pK for groups mediating this decrease is 5.5. Increasing pH up to 10.0 had no effect on GCl. Anion conductance sequence and permeability sequence were both determined to be Cl-greater than Br-greater than or equal to I-greater than CH3SO4-. Lowering the pH below 5.5 reduced the magnitude of the measured conductance to all anions but did not alter the conductance sequence. The permeability sequence was likewise unchanged at low pH. Experiments with varying molar ratios of Cl- and I- indicated a marked interaction between these ions in their transmembrane movement. Similar but less striking interaction was seen between Cl- and Br-. Current-voltage relationships for GCl measured at early time-points in the presence of Rb+ were linear, but showed marked rectification with longer hyperpolarizing pulses (greater than 50ms) due to a slow time-and voltage-dependent change in membrane conductance to Cl-. This nonlinear behavior appeared to depend on the concentration of Cl- present but cannot be attributed to tubular ion accumulation. Tubular disruption with glycerol lowers apparent GCl but not GK, suggesting that the transverse tubule (T-tubule) system is permeable to Cl- in this species. Quantitative estimates indicate that up to 80% of GCl may be associated with the T tubules.
TL;DR: Withdrawal reactions precipitated by the narcotic antagonist naloxone in methadone-dependent volunteers were the unconditioned response, which support clinical anecdotes of withdrawal symptoms occurring in former addicts when they return to their drug-related environment.
Abstract: Subjective and physiological manifestations of the narcotic withdrawal syndrome were produced as a conditioned response. Withdrawal reactions precipitated by the narcotic antagonist naloxone in methadone-dependent volunteers were the unconditioned response. These data support clinical anecdotes of withdrawal symptoms occurring in former addicts when they return to their drug-related environment.
TL;DR: A cytological analysis of serially sectioned unpenetrated and penetrated mouse eggs revealed the existence of a marked polarity in the distribution of cortical granules and of microvilli in the egg cortex.