Showing papers in "Journal of Personality Assessment in 2021"
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the SCS-Y is a reliable and valid measure of self-compassion for use with youths and is significantly associated with mindfulness, happiness, life-satisfaction, depression, resilience, and achievement goal orientation in expected directions.
Abstract: We present a series of studies on the development and validation of the Self-Compassion Scale—Youth version (SCS-Y), which is intended for use with early adolescents in middle school. Study 1 (N = ...
51 citations
TL;DR: This paper identified 18 separate definitions and 20 measures including 16 unique questionnaires and synthesized this research to advance a new framework of intellectual humility and discussed the implications of this framework for measurement and future research.
Abstract: During the last decade, intellectual humility has gone from a topic of philosophical inquiry to one of serious scientific investigation. It has been variously described as a remedy for political polarization, a tool for advancing scientific credibility, and a disposition that promotes learning. However, less attention has been paid to how intellectual humility has been defined and measured or how well psychologists' definitions and measures align with one another or with philosophers' accounts. Through a systematic review of empirical intellectual humility research, we identified 18 separate definitions and 20 measures including16 unique questionnaires. We then synthesized this research to advance a new framework of intellectual humility. Implications of this framework for measurement and future research on intellectual humility are discussed.
38 citations
TL;DR: The SWLS-3 and the HILS-3 demonstrate good psychometric properties, including very high internal consistency and item total correlations, strong test-retest reliability, where two-factor models of cognitive well-being tend to yield very good fit indices.
Abstract: The cognitive components of subjective well-being can be measured with the Satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) and the Harmony in life scale (HILS), which both comprise five items each. The aim of ...
34 citations
TL;DR: Findings do not support the claimed eight-factor structure of the MAIA but indicate the existence of an overarching general factor, providing evidence that interoceptive awareness, as measured by theMAIA, is related to, but distinct from personality.
Abstract: The goal of this study was to psychometrically evaluate the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA), a popular self-report questionnaire claimed to assess the most important subjective aspects of interoception. We collected data in two samples (N = 644 and N = 1,516) and focused on the factor structure and validity of MAIA, as well as its associations with personality traits. Confirmatory Factor Analysis suggested that six of the eight subscales measure a common general factor of self-reported interoception; two MAIA subscales, Not-Worrying and Not-Distracting were only weakly related to this factor. Whereas the general factor correlated strongly with a measure of perceived attentiveness to normal nonemotive body processes, and moderately with Extraversion, Openness and Conscientiousness, the Not-Worrying factor showed moderate to strong negative correlations with Emotionality, pain catastrophization, and anxiety-related aspects of body focus. Not-Distracting was only weakly associated with the validating scales. Overall, these findings do not support the claimed eight-factor structure of the MAIA but indicate the existence of an overarching general factor. Additionally, this study provides evidence that interoceptive awareness, as measured by the MAIA, is related to, but distinct from personality.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors acknowledge the mathematical equivalence of these specifications and their error in interpretation and also take the opportunity to admit a more profound correction, concluding that statistical answers cannot definitively settle certain theoretical riddles, and their argument for grit as a compound of related but distinct dispositions should not have relied so heavily on the optimal factor solution for a questionnaire devised to assess it.
Abstract: This commentary addresses debate over the factor structure of the Grit Scale in both its original and short forms. Commonly (and in our own work), factor solutions are used to establish dimensionality of the construct being measured. For example, a two-factor hierarchical model was proposed for the Short Grit Scale. It has since been pointed out, correctly, that the specified model cannot be distinguished from a model with two correlated subfactors and no higher-order factor. In this commentary, we acknowledge the mathematical equivalence of these specifications and our error in interpretation. However, we also take the opportunity to admit a more profound correction. It is now clear to us that statistical answers cannot definitively settle certain theoretical riddles, and our argument for grit as a compound of related but distinct dispositions should not have relied so heavily on the optimal factor solution for a questionnaire devised to assess it. Rather, a conceptual question demands a conceptual answer, which we briefly attempt here. We conclude by noting the need for improved operationalizations of the tendency to stay committed to goals for years (passion) while working assiduously toward their achievement (perseverance).
28 citations
TL;DR: Suggestions for measuring and modeling IU are provided, and the role of IU as the basic transdiagnostic vulnerability was suggested in Chinese-speaking samples.
Abstract: Few studies evaluated the structure of the short versions of the Chinese translation of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) among Chinese-speaking individuals. Meanwhile, contemporary theory...
27 citations
TL;DR: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) is an 8-item self-report measure of reflective functioning that is presumed to capture individual differences in hypo- and hyper-mentalizing.
Abstract: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ) is an 8-item self-report measure of reflective functioning that is presumed to capture individual differences in hypo- and hypermentalizing. Despite its broad acceptance by the field, we argue that the validity of the measure is not well-established. The current research elaborates on problems of the RFQ related to its item content, scoring procedure, dimensionality, and associations with psychopathology. We tested these considerations across three large clinical and non-clinical samples from Germany and the US (total N = 2289). In a first study, we found that the RFQ may assess a single latent dimension related to hypomentalizing but is rather unlikely to capture maladaptive forms of hypermentalizing. Moreover, the RFQ exhibited very strong associations with measures of personality pathology, while associations with measures of symptom distress were less strong. In a second preregistered study focused on convergent and discriminant validity, however, a commonality analysis indicated that associations with indicators of personality pathology are inflated because some of the RFQ items tap into emotional lability and impulsivity rather than mentalizing. Our findings demonstrate limitations of the RFQ. We discuss key challenges in assessing mentalizing via self-report.
24 citations
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich1, University of Jena2, University of Zurich3, University of Vienna4, Folkwang University of the Arts5, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg6, Goethe University Frankfurt7, Technische Universität München8, University of Hildesheim9, University of Göttingen10, University of Osnabrück11
TL;DR: Recommendations on how to control motive scores for story length are given, and a meta-analysis on gender differences in the implicit affiliation motive that replicates existing findings is validated.
Abstract: We present two openly accessible databases related to the assessment of implicit motives using Picture Story Exercises (PSEs): (a) A database of 183,415 German sentences, nested in 26,389 stories provided by 4,570 participants, which have been coded by experts using Winter's coding system for the implicit affiliation/intimacy, achievement, and power motives, and (b) a database of 54 classic and new pictures which have been used as PSE stimuli. Updated picture norms are provided which can be used to select appropriate pictures for PSE applications. Based on an analysis of the relations between raw motive scores, word count, and sentence count, we give recommendations on how to control motive scores for story length, and validate the recommendation with a meta-analysis on gender differences in the implicit affiliation motive that replicates existing findings. We discuss to what extent the guiding principles of the story length correction can be generalized to other content coding systems for narrative material. Several potential applications of the databases are discussed, including (un)supervised machine learning of text content, psychometrics, and better reproducibility of PSE research.
23 citations
TL;DR: Test the hypothesis that structural integration, as assessed in the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) system, and emotional intelligence (EI), as studied in personality psychology, might be closely related constructs at a general level, as both might assess general personality functioning.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that structural integration, as assessed in the Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD) system, and emotional intelligence (EI), as studied in personality psychology,...
23 citations
TL;DR: The new scale for evaluating grit (Oviedo Grit Scale) is essentially unidimensional, and scores produced by it exhibit excellent indicators of reliability and validity.
Abstract: Grit is one of the non-cognitive variables that has received the most attention in recent years given its relationship to and influence in various aspects of life. There are very few reliable, vali...
22 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest the inventory generally meets psychometric standards for a measure of the targeted character strengths and virtues, including newly developed short forms and scales measuring the virtue component of the VIA Classification.
Abstract: The VIA Inventory of Strengths is an extremely popular index of the 24 character strengths that comprise the VIA Classification of Character Strengths and Virtues. The inventory has recently been e...
TL;DR: These content validity comparisons clarify the equivalence of instruments for AMPD constructs and the relative proportions of construct coverage within instrument subscales and can inform future research with LPF self-report instruments and guide clinicians in selecting an LPF-related instrument for use in practice.
Abstract: Content validity analyses of eight self-report instruments for assessing severity of personality disorder (PD), also known as Level of Personality Functioning (LPF), were conducted using the conceptual scheme of the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD; APA, 2013). The item contents of these eight inventories were characterized for the LPF constructs of Identity (ID), Self-Direction (SD), Empathy (EM), and Intimacy (IN) along with the pathological personality trait domains of Negative Affectivity, Detachment, Antagonism, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. Severity of pathology (SV) reflected in item content was also rated. Raters demonstrated robust agreement for AMPD and SV constructs across instruments. Similarity between instrument AMPD construct profiles was quantified by intraclass correlations (ICC). Results showed the instruments were generally similar in AMPD-construct coverage, but some important differences emerged. The subscales of the instruments also were characterized for the degree to which they reflect the four LPF (ID, SD, EM, IN) domain constructs. Collectively, these content validity comparisons clarify the equivalence of instruments for AMPD constructs and the relative proportions of construct coverage within instrument subscales. These results can inform future research with LPF self-report instruments and guide clinicians in selecting an LPF-related instrument for use in practice.
TL;DR: Based on recent work in character measurement (CIVIC), a multidimensional forced-choice measure of character is developed and scored using Thurstonian IRT and initial validation demonstrated good support for factorial, convergent, and concurrent validity for scores on the CIVIC-MFC.
Abstract: There has been reemerging interest within psychology in the construct of character, yet assessing it can be difficult due to social desirability of character traits. Forced-choice formats offer one way to address response bias, but traditional scoring methods (i.e., ipsative) associated with this format makes comparing scores between people problematic. Nevertheless, recent advances in modeling item responding (Thurstonian IRT) enable scoring that recovers absolute standing on latent traits and allows for score comparisons between people. Based on recent work in character measurement (CIVIC), we developed a multidimensional forced-choice measure of character (CIVIC-MFC) and scored it using Thurstonian IRT. Initial validation using a sample of 798 participants demonstrated good support for factorial, convergent, and concurrent validity for scores on the CIVIC-MFC, although they did not demonstrate more faking resistance than scores on a Likert-type format version. Potential explanations are discussed.
TL;DR: Strong factorial invariance was established, indicating that latent factor means can be compared between men and women using this measure, and mean-level differences showed that men had higher levels of latent factors related to antagonism and social dominance.
Abstract: Research suggests that men and women differ on mean levels of Dark Triad personality constructs such as Machiavellianism, but few studies have investigated whether or not these differences are due to actual latent trait differences or bias in measurement. Further, recent research suggests important challenges associated with existing measures of MACH in terms of overlap with psychopathy and matching expert descriptions. The present study took a recently developed measure of Machiavellianism (the Five Factor Machiavellianism Inventory; FFMI), based on the five-factor model, and examined its invariance across gender. Strong (or scalar) factorial invariance was established, indicating that latent factor means can be compared between men and women using this measure. Mean-level differences showed that men had higher levels of latent factors related to antagonism and social dominance. In terms of total score, men reported significantly higher mean levels of Machiavellianism. The findings of the present study lend support to the notion that mean level differences in Machiavellianism across gender are not artifacts of measurement bias.
TL;DR: It is found that positive urgency predicted problem gambling, which supports the predictive utility of impulsivity as a five-factor construct and indicates that utilizing all five factors may increase measurement sensitivity and predictive utility.
Abstract: The UPPS-P measures impulsivity as a five-factor construct (lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, positive urgency, negative urgency and sensation seeking). Drawing on a number of theoretica...
TL;DR: The FFMI displayed positive relations with a broad range of criteria for vocational and work-related success and was clearly distinct from psychopathy, which converged greatly with the correlation profiles for the FFMI-antagonism dimension.
Abstract: Numerous scholars have criticized the traditional assessment of Machiavellianism due to insufficient construct coverage, some going so far as to question its distinctness from psychopathy Tackling
TL;DR: Structural equation modeling techniques were used to expand traditional generalizability theory (G-theory) models to allow for congeneric relationships among item responses while accounting for the primary sources of measurement error that affect results from objectively scored, self-report measures.
Abstract: We used structural equation modeling techniques to expand traditional generalizability theory (G-theory) models to allow for congeneric relationships among item responses while accounting for the p...
TL;DR: Support is found for convergent and discriminant validity of general and specific factors with regard to interview-based assessments of personality disorders and personality organization and for a bifactor approach to Kernberg’s model of personality organization.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to explore the viability of a bifactor model for the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO), which is a self-report measure of personality functioning based on Kernbe...
TL;DR: A sample of predominantly African-American women with high rates of trauma exposure is used to examine psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5-Brief Form and the expected five-factor structure demonstrated good fit indices in a confirmatory factor analysis, and the more parsimonious, higher-order model was retained.
Abstract: In the current study, we used a sample of predominantly African-American women with high rates of trauma exposure (N = 434) to examine psychometric properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5...
TL;DR: The Brazilian TEIQue-SF is psychometrically sound and can be recommended for research and practical use, with evidence of incremental validity of trait EI for life satisfaction and happiness over and above the Big Five.
Abstract: The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian adaptation of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF). In a sample of 512 participants, we tested model fit by bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM), followed by measurement invariance testing against UK and Chilean datasets of the measure. The Big Five Mini-Markers, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale were also administered as external validation measures. We obtained the following results: (a) final adequate bifactor ESEM model fit; (b) a significantly higher global trait EI mean for men (d = .27); (c) high internal consistency for global trait EI (α = .88), in spite of lower Cronbach's α values at the factor level (.60-.85); (d) high correlation (r = .89) in the test-retest; (e) significant correlation between global trait EI and most of the Big Five dimensions (r = -.66-.46), life satisfaction (.59) and happiness (.68); (f) evidence of incremental validity of trait EI for life satisfaction and happiness over and above the Big Five; (g) equivalent measurement across the Brazilian, UK and Chilean versions of the TEIQue-SF. We conclude that the Brazilian TEIQue-SF is psychometrically sound and can be recommended for research and practical use.
TL;DR: The Self-Control Strategies Scale (SCSS) as mentioned in this paper is a self-control measure that is composed of eight self control strategies that represent three categories: anticipatory control (situation selection, reward, punishment, pre-commitment), down-regulation of temptation (distraction, cognitive change, acceptance), and behavioral inhibition.
Abstract: The purpose of the present research was to develop a more comprehensive measure of self-control that reflects recent theoretical advancements that extend beyond inhibition. Across six samples (N = 1,946, 48.95% males, Ages 18-76, US-MTurkers/Israelis), we sought to develop and validate the Self-Control Strategies Scale (SCSS), as well as examine its predictive validity across important life domains (e.g., weight, physical activity, savings). The SCSS is comprised of eight self-control strategies that represent three categories: anticipatory control (situation selection, reward, punishment, pre-commitment), down-regulation of temptation (distraction, cognitive change, acceptance), and behavioral inhibition. Results indicate that there was a strong association between the widely used Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). and the behavioral inhibition strategy of the SCSS. While the behavioral inhibition strategy was a strong and consistent predictor of most self-control related outcomes, results further indicate that in some domains, but not others, certain strategies may be beneficial whereas others may be detrimental. While inhibition remains to be an important factor of self-control, our findings point to the importance of adapting the use of different strategies to different domains. The SCSS can therefore be used to gain a more fine-grained understanding of the self-control construct.
TL;DR: This research provides psychometric evidence of the TEIQue-SF in Chilean general and clinical population sample and confirmed the factor structure of the instrument and supported its multidimensionality.
Abstract: There is little doubt that currently trait EI (Trait emotional intelligence) theory and their measures have been found valid and reliable in several research and application settings. This research...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the German version of the D70, D35, and D16 with respect to their factor structure, measurement invariance across gender, measurement equivalence with the original English item sets, and predictive validity for relevant outcomes across a six-month period.
Abstract: The Dark Factor of Personality (D)-the underlying disposition of aversive traits-has been shown to account for various ethically and socially aversive behaviors. Whereas previous findings support the reliability and validity of the original English item sets suggested to measure D, a thorough psychometric examination of their German translation is still pending. Using data from four different samples (total N > 33,000), this study comprehensively evaluates the German version of the D70, D35, and D16 with respect to (a) their factor structure, (b) measurement invariance across gender, (c) measurement equivalence with the original English item sets, (d) predictive validity for relevant outcomes across a six-month period, and (e) self-observer agreement. Results confirm the bifactor structure of the D70 and single-factor models for the D35 and the D16. Measurement invariance testing shows partial strict invariance across gender and language versions. Furthermore, predictive validity and a moderate degree of self-other agreement are supported. The German version of the D70 and its shorter versions thus allow for a psychometrically sound assessment of D.
TL;DR: Results revealed that at a broad level, these analyses supported both the psychometric validity, and internal consistency of AATI-TA scores, with some minor issues identified with the Future Negative dimension.
Abstract: The exponential growth in studies demonstrating the utility of temporal psychology has been accompanied by many studies criticizing the psychometric properties of many of its assessment measures. The Adolescent (and Adult) Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale (AATI-TA) has been relatively immune to these criticisms. Given the increase in the use of this particular measure, we undertook a comprehensive review of studies assessing the psychometric validity and internal consistency of the AATI-TA. Computerized searches were conducted in Scopus, PsycINFO, and EMBASE databases, with 19 manuscripts ultimately retained, and data from a total of 29 samples analyzed. Results revealed that at a broad level, these analyses supported both the psychometric validity, and internal consistency of AATI-TA scores, with some minor issues identified with the Future Negative dimension. Meta-regression analyses revealed some small-sized but significant effects for age, language, and location on RMSEA, alpha values, and mean scores. However, these did not survive the Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Observed heterogeneity among studies has implications for any future creation of scale norms. Future directions for research include an exploration of the readability and appropriateness of Future Negative items, temporal stability of scores, and more psychometric studies with adult samples.
TL;DR: Findings indicate that the RST-PQ-S provides an efficient, valid and reliable alterative to the longer RST -PQ, providing evidence for the comparability of the two versions.
Abstract: We conducted three studies (total n = 998) aimed at developing and validating a shortened version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (i.e., the RST-PQ-S). In Study...
TL;DR: Elevated item- and mean-scores in the experimental Expanded version of the PhoPhiKat-45 do not support full measurement invariance with the Likert version—and, thus, it does not permit the application of established cutoff scores for gelotophobia.
Abstract: Personality assessment typically relies on self-report questionnaires utilizing Likert-type scales. Recently, the Expanded format has been proposed as alternative, but research on the consequences ...
TL;DR: This article showed that existing measures of Machiavellianism often fail to distinguish Machiavellianism from another construct in the Dark Triad (i.e., psychopathy) and do not align with it.
Abstract: Previous findings have showed that existing measures of Machiavellianism often fail to distinguish Machiavellianism from another construct in the Dark Triad (i.e., psychopathy) and do not align wit...
TL;DR: Findings provide cross-cultural generalizability for a brief self-report instrument that captures the multifaceted nature of empathy and are further supported by differential associations with forms of aggression and victimization.
Abstract: A psychometrically sound measure of empathy that captures its multifaceted nature is critical in furthering research on empathy. The only instrument that assesses three domains of empathy together ...
TL;DR: Estimated product-moment and distance correlations among 60 cross-disciplinary measures of self-regulation and measures of health and substance use showed substantial variability, though the surveys demonstrated greater convergent validity than did the cognitive tasks.
Abstract: Self-regulation is studied across various disciplines, including personality, social, cognitive, health, developmental, and clinical psychology; psychiatry; neuroscience; medicine; pharmacology; an...
TL;DR: The results support previous findings about the benefit of R-PAS to obtain protocols in an optimal range for interpretation, while keeping the core manifestations of the response process unchanged.
Abstract: We examined the impact of the changes in administration and coding introduced by the Rorschach Performance Assessment System (R-PAS) relative to the Comprehensive System (CS) on the Rorschach respo...