Showing papers in "Trends in Microbiology in 1996"

TL;DR: The indigenous gastrointestinal (GI) tract microflora has profound effects on the anatomical, physiological and immunological development of the host and inhibits colonization of the GI tract by overt exogenous pathogens.

TL;DR: Comparison of the invasive strategies of L. pneumophila in mammalian and protozoan cells and study of the interactions between Legionella and protozooa should prove useful in development of strategies for the prevention of legionellosis.

TL;DR: This work proposes a scheme applicable to all species that distinguishes different classes of genes, provides a single name for all genes of a given function and greatly facilitates comparative studies.

TL;DR: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is the most common cause of childhood and travellers' diarrhoea and adhesion to the intestinal epithelium of the host is mediated by proteinaceous surface appendages called colonization factors.

TL;DR: Understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis have parallels with those of some plant-pathogenic fungi, particularly in the areas of formation of an infection structure, entry into the host and toxin-mediated host death, will provide a rational basis for strain selection and improvement.

TL;DR: Glycopeptide resistance in enterococci results from the production of peptidoglycan precursors with low affinity for these antibiotics, and the mobility of the resistance genes by transposition and conjugation and the ability of the resistant proteins to interfere with synthesis of normal precursor in different hosts indicate that dissemination into other bacterial species should be anticipated.

TL;DR: Pathogenic members of the Neisseriaceae and Pasteurellaceae express outer-membrane receptor proteins involved in the direct assimilation of iron from the host glycoproteins transferrin and lactoferrin.

TL;DR: Lipid heterogeneity of Gb3 is important in binding, and may define a growth-related signal transduction pathway used by verotoxin, which explains the epidemiology of renal pathology, which may follow VTEC infection.

TL;DR: The group of large clostridial cytotoxins, which have homologous protein sequences, exert glycosyltransferase activity and modify GTP-binding proteins of the Ras-superfamily, are valuable tools for developmental and cell biologists.

TL;DR: The great abundance, broad dispersion, and hypervariability of plant retroelements indicate that they make a major contribution to host genome organization, function and evolution.

TL;DR: Recent studies indicate that these pores, which are composed of approximately ten proteins, are evolutionarily related to the transport systems required for the transfer of oncogenic T-DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells and for toxin secretion from Bordetella pertussis.

TL;DR: Inhibition of pathogen growth during the defense of plants is thought to involve a rapid process of cell death localized to the site of invasion, which results from the activation of a programmed cell death pathway.

TL;DR: M cells are specialized epithelial cells of mucosal surfaces lining the respiratory and intestinal tracts that participate in generating mucosal immune protection by sampling and delivering antigens to the underlying lymphoid tissue.

TL;DR: The vertebrate immune system has apparently evolved the ability to recognize these unmethylated CpG motifs and respond with a rapid and coordinated cytokine response leading to the induction of humoral and cell-mediated immunity.

TL;DR: This review discusses how DNA-methylation patterns are formed by protein-DNA interactions and how methylation patterns, in turn, control pap gene expression.

TL;DR: Shigella flexneri is a model for the entry of bacterial pathogens into nonphagocytic epithelial cells and triggers a reorganization of the host-cell cytoskeleton leading to the formation of membrane ruffles, which engulf the bacterium.

TL;DR: De novo mutations are generated by inherently error-prone steps in the retroviral life cycle that introduce base substitutions, frame shifts, genetic rearrangements and hypermutations.

TL;DR: Barriers to chromosomal gene transfer between bacterial species control their genetic isolation, including the mismatch-repair system, the inducible SOS system, and natural selection determines the effective recombination frequencies.

TL;DR: Compared with phagosomes containing inert particles, the M. tuberculosis phagosome exhibits maturational arrest: plasma membrane proteins and early endocytic markers persist and there is limited acquisition of lysosomal markers.

TL;DR: Recent studies have suggested that, for growth, prokaryotes need to communicate with each other using signalling molecules, and a variety of 'eukaryotic' hormones have been shown to stimulate bacterial growth.

TL;DR: The antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae has long been been considered the principal virulence determinant of this organism, but there is growing evidence that the toxin pneumolysin plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease.

TL;DR: It is argued that EBV persists in vivo by integrating its biology with that of the normal B cells within which it resides, and that the B cell provides all the environments necessary for EBV to maintain its life cycle.

TL;DR: The role of lipopolysaccharides in adherence to host cells has been recognized only recently and they are major constituents of the outer membrane and major antigenic and toxic components of Gram-negative bacteria.

TL;DR: The hypothesis that long-lived plasma cells are an important, yet largely overlooked, component of long-term humoral immunity is proposed.

TL;DR: The challenge is to use genetic and cell biological analyses, integrated with knowledge of plant reproduction and embryo development, to dissect this complex and rather poorly understood process.

TL;DR: The complex regulatory and biosynthetic pathways involved in cell wall biosynthesis and construction offer useful chemotherapeutic targets against mycobacteria.

TL;DR: Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) regulates reactivation from latency by interfering with normal B cell signal transduction processes, and may define a new class of regulators of herpesvirus latency.

TL;DR: An ideal vaccine would induce antibodies to prevent bacterial adherence, promote opsonophagocytic killing by leukocytes and neutralize toxic secreted proteins.