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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

A DNA-Based Registry for All Animal Species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System

Sujeevan Ratnasingham, +1 more
- 08 Jul 2013 - 
- Vol. 8, Iss: 7, pp 1-16
TLDR
A persistent, species-level taxonomic registry for the animal kingdom is developed based on the analysis of patterns of nucleotide variation in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene.
Abstract
Because many animal species are undescribed, and because the identification of known species is often difficult, interim taxonomic nomenclature has often been used in biodiversity analysis. By assigning individuals to presumptive species, called operational taxonomic units (OTUs), these systems speed investigations into the patterning of biodiversity and enable studies that would otherwise be impossible. Although OTUs have conventionally been separated through their morphological divergence, DNA-based delineations are not only feasible, but have important advantages. OTU designation can be automated, data can be readily archived, and results can be easily compared among investigations. This study exploits these attributes to develop a persistent, species-level taxonomic registry for the animal kingdom based on the analysis of patterns of nucleotide variation in the barcode region of the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. It begins by examining the correspondence between groups of specimens identified to a species through prior taxonomic work and those inferred from the analysis of COI sequence variation using one new (RESL) and four established (ABGD, CROP, GMYC, jMOTU) algorithms. It subsequently describes the implementation, and structural attributes of the Barcode Index Number (BIN) system. Aside from a pragmatic role in biodiversity assessments, BINs will aid revisionary taxonomy by flagging possible cases of synonymy, and by collating geographical information, descriptive metadata, and images for specimens that are likely to belong to the same species, even if it is undescribed. More than 274,000 BIN web pages are now available, creating a biodiversity resource that is positioned for rapid growth.

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Citations
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Patterns of Protein Evolution in Cytochrome c Oxidase 1 (COI) from the Class Arachnida

TL;DR: The mitochondrial genome of some arachnid groups is dynamic with high rates of amino acid substitution and frequent indels, while it is ‘locked down’ in others, according to this study, which builds evidence for the selective importance of the rate variation among arACHnid lineages.
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Risks associated with introduction of poeciliids for control of mosquito larvae: first record of the non-native Gambusia holbrooki in Argentina.

TL;DR: The presence of two species of the non-native mosquitofish Gambusia in Argentina is confirmed and the risks they represent to native biota, their potential dispersal in the region, and their effectiveness in mosquito larvae control are discussed.
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Streamlining the use of BOLD specimen data to record species distributions: a case study with ten Nearctic species of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

TL;DR: The introduction of journals specializing in – and streamlining – the release of these datasets, such as the BDJ, should facilitate thorough analysis of these records, as shown in this paper.
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DNA Barcoding for Delimitation of Putative Mexican Marine Nematodes Species

TL;DR: Results support DNA barcoding being an efficient, fast, and low-cost method to integrate into morphological observations in order to address taxonomical shortfalls in meiofaunal organisms.
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Barcode index numbers expedite quarantine inspections and aid the interception of nonindigenous mealybugs (Pseudococcidae)

TL;DR: High genetic diversity and presence of cryptic species in the known mealybugs, revealed in this study, underscore the limitations of morphology and potential utility of BINs for the rapid recognition of nonindigenous insect pests.
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