Accurate normalization of real-time quantitative RT-PCR data by geometric averaging of multiple internal control genes
Jo Vandesompele,Katleen De Preter,Filip Pattyn,Bruce Poppe,Nadine Van Roy,Anne De Paepe,Franki Speleman +6 more
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TLDR
The normalization strategy presented here is a prerequisite for accurate RT-PCR expression profiling, which opens up the possibility of studying the biological relevance of small expression differences.Abstract:
Gene-expression analysis is increasingly important in biological research, with real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) becoming the method of choice for high-throughput and accurate expression profiling of selected genes. Given the increased sensitivity, reproducibility and large dynamic range of this methodology, the requirements for a proper internal control gene for normalization have become increasingly stringent. Although housekeeping gene expression has been reported to vary considerably, no systematic survey has properly determined the errors related to the common practice of using only one control gene, nor presented an adequate way of working around this problem. We outline a robust and innovative strategy to identify the most stably expressed control genes in a given set of tissues, and to determine the minimum number of genes required to calculate a reliable normalization factor. We have evaluated ten housekeeping genes from different abundance and functional classes in various human tissues, and demonstrated that the conventional use of a single gene for normalization leads to relatively large errors in a significant proportion of samples tested. The geometric mean of multiple carefully selected housekeeping genes was validated as an accurate normalization factor by analyzing publicly available microarray data. The normalization strategy presented here is a prerequisite for accurate RT-PCR expression profiling, which, among other things, opens up the possibility of studying the biological relevance of small expression differences.read more
Citations
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Evaluation of endogenous references for gene expression profiling in different tissues of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae).
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Prefrontal GABAA receptor α-subunit expression in normal postnatal human development and schizophrenia
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Selection of suitable housekeeping genes for expression analysis in glioblastoma using quantitative RT-PCR.
Valeria Valente,Silvia A. Teixeira,Luciano Neder,Oswaldo Keith Okamoto,Sueli Mieko Oba-Shinjo,Suely Kazue Nagahashi Marie,Carlos Alberto Scrideli,Maria Luísa Paço-Larson,Carlos Gilberto Carlotti +8 more
TL;DR: Evaluation of the expression levels of 12 target genes utilizing different endogenous controls revealed that the normalization method applied might introduce errors in the estimation of relative quantities, and indicated TBP plus HPRT1 as suitable references for studies on glioblastoma gene expression.
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