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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Antimicrobial drug resistance in Escherichia coli from humans and food animals, United States, 1950-2002.

TLDR
Determining drug resistance trends will optimize treatment and public health responses and help scientists better understand and respond to drug resistance-related adverse events.
Abstract
We conducted a retrospective study of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human and food animal samples during 1950-2002 to assess historical changes in antimicrobial drug resistance. A total of 1,729 E. coli isolates (983 from humans, 323 from cattle, 138 from chickens, and 285 from pigs) were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial drugs. A significant upward trend in resistance was observed for ampicillin (p<0.001), sulfonamide (p<0.001), and tetracycline (p<0.001). Animal strains showed increased resistance to 11/15 antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin (p<0.001), sulfonamide (p<0.01), and gentamicin (p<0.001). Multidrug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial drug classes) in E. coli increased from 7.2% during the 1950s to 63.6% during the 2000s. The most frequent co-resistant phenotype observed was to tetracycline and streptomycin (29.7%), followed by tetracycline and sulfonamide (29.0%). These data describe the evolution of resistance after introduction of new antimicrobial agents into clinical medicine and help explain the range of resistance in modern E. coli isolates.

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Book ChapterDOI

Escherichia, Shigella, and Salmonella

TL;DR: As national surveillance systems depend on the receipt of serotype information for Salmonella strains isolated in the United States, laboratories should follow the procedures recommended by their state health departments for submittingSalmonella isolates for further characterization, including complete serotyping.
Book ChapterDOI

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.

TL;DR: Since the non-O157 STEC are responsible for a large portion of STEC-related illnesses, more extensive studies on their physiology, genetics, pathogenicity, and evolution are needed in order to develop more effective control strategies.
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Sulfa and trimethoprim-like drugs – antimetabolites acting as carbonic anhydrase, dihydropteroate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors

TL;DR: The state of the art in the field of antibacterials based on inhibitors of these three enzyme families is revue, when several X-ray crystal structures of such enzymes in complex with their inhibitors were reported.
Journal ArticleDOI

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Poultry Pathogens: A Review

TL;DR: It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR, in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.
Journal ArticleDOI

Multidrug resistant commensal Escherichia coli in animals and its impact for public health

TL;DR: This chapter provides a short historic background of the appearance and presumed origin and transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal intestinal E. coli of animals with comparative information on their pathogenic counterparts.
References
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Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing

TL;DR: The supplemental information presented in this document is intended for use with the antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedures published in the following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)–approved standards.
Journal ArticleDOI

National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards.

Erika Bruck
- 01 Jan 1980 - 
TL;DR: Many members of the Academy of Pediatrics seem to be generally unaware of the fact that the Academy has participated for ten years in a very interesting and valuable organization, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS).
Journal ArticleDOI

Estimates of the Regression Coefficient Based on Kendall's Tau

TL;DR: In this article, a simple and robust estimator of regression coefficient β based on Kendall's rank correlation tau is studied, where the point estimator is the median of the set of slopes (Yj - Yi )/(tj-ti ) joining pairs of points with ti ≠ ti.
Journal ArticleDOI

Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses.

TL;DR: The optimism of the early period of antimicrobial discovery has been tempered by the emergence of bacterial strains with resistance to these therapeutics, and today, clinically important bacteria are characterized not only by single drug resistance but also by multiple antibiotic resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Animals

TL;DR: Alternatives to growth-promoting and prophylactic uses of antimicrobials in agriculture include improved management practices, wider use of vaccines, and introduction of probiotics to minimize the further development of antimicrobial resistance.
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