Q2. What was the IR of the p53RE-bla assay?
Data evaluation 215 Activation of the transcription factors in the assay was expressed as an induction ratio (IR), which 216 was calculated using the signal of the sample and the signal of the unexposed cells (control; 217 Equation 1).
Q3. What is the common disinfectant used in drinking water?
As microbial contamination is a more acute 52 concern, drinking water is commonly treated with disinfectants, such as chlorine, chloramine and 53 chlorine dioxide, to inactive waterborne pathogens (Fawell and Nieuwenhuijsen 2003, WHO 2011).
Q4. What chemicals have been shown to induce the oxidative stress response?
Environmental water samples (Escher et al. 2012), micropollutants 92 (Martin et al. 2010, Escher et al. 2013) and DBPs (Procházka et al. 2015, Stalter et al. 2016a) have 93 been shown to activate the oxidative stress response, with 23% of analysed chemicals in the US 94 EPA ToxCast database reported to induce oxidative stress (US EPA 2015).
Q5. What is the effect of the oxidative stress response assay on the water quality?
455 While effects in the p53 response and the NF-κB response assays were generally masked by 456 cytotoxicity, the oxidative stress response assay proved to be a senstive tool to monitor the sum of 457 all bioactive chemicals in water.
Q6. What is the role of the BEQ approach in predicting the effects of DBPs?
As water in the distribution network may contain both micropollutants from the source water 131 and formed DBPs, bioanalytical equivalent concentrations from bioanalysis (BEQbio) were 132 compared before and after chlorination to predict the contribution of DBPs to the biological effect.
Q7. What is the need for a bioanalytical approach to evaluate drinking water safety?
The likely presence of a complex mixture of micropollutants and DBPs in drinking water 433 emphasises the need for a bioanalytical health-related approach to evaluate drinking water safety 434 (Grummt et al. 2013).
Q8. What are the three distribution systems that can be seen as being interconnected?
The 117 hydraulic configurations induce three areas of influence, resulting in three distribution systems that 118 can be seen as being interconnected.
Q9. What is the effect-based trigger value for drinking water in the AREc32 assay?
Using the latter approach, the proposed effect-based trigger 443 value for drinking water in the AREc32 assay is an ECIR1.5 of REF 6 (Escher et al. 2013), with 444 further testing and evaluation suggested for samples with an ECIR1.5 less than REF 6.
Q10. What chemical analysis reveals low DBP concentrations in the water?
chemical analysis reveals generally low DBP concentrations based on the forty 291 analysed compounds, which can be attributed to the low TOC concentration in the treated water.
Q11. What is the effect of the water 469 samples throughout the distribution network?
the effect of the water 469 samples throughout the distribution network was low, as confirmed by the proposed effect-based 470 trigger value, which reflects the high quality of the treated water.