Journal ArticleDOI
Brown adipose tissue and thermogenesis.
Anna Fenzl,Florian W. Kiefer +1 more
TLDR
Preclinical observations have gained additional significance with the recent discovery that active BAT is present in adult humans and can be detected by 18fluor-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography.Abstract:
The growing understanding of adipose tissue as an important endocrine organ with multiple metabolic functions has directed the attention to the (patho)physiology of distinct fat depots. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), in contrast to bona fide white fat, can dissipate significant amounts of chemical energy through uncoupled respiration and heat production (thermogenesis). This process is mediated by the major thermogenic factor uncoupling protein-1 and can be activated by certain stimuli, such as cold exposure, adrenergic compounds or genetic alterations. White adipose tissue (WAT) depots, however, also possess the capacity to acquire brown fat characteristics in response to thermogenic stimuli. The induction of a BAT-like cellular and molecular program in WAT has recently been termed "browning" or "beiging". Promotion of BAT activity or the browning of WAT is associated with in vivo cold tolerance, increased energy expenditure, and protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes. These preclinical observations have gained additional significance with the recent discovery that active BAT is present in adult humans and can be detected by 18fluor-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography coupled with computed tomography. As in rodents, human BAT can be activated by cold exposure and is associated with increased energy turnover and lower body fat mass. Despite the tremendous progress in brown fat research in recent years, pharmacological concepts to harness BAT function therapeutically are currently still lacking.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Brown adipose tissue: physiological function and evolutionary significance
TL;DR: The physiological function and distribution of BAT is reviewed in an evolutionary context by focusing on the latest research on phylogenetically distinct species.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brown adipose tissue activity as a target for the treatment of obesity/insulin resistance
TL;DR: Presence of brown adipose tissue (BAT), characterized by the expression of the thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), has recently been described in adult humans and Stimulation of BAT activity and/or recruitment of UCP1-positive cells are relevant targets for the treatment of obesity/type 2 diabetes in humans.
Journal ArticleDOI
Body temperature regulation in diabetes.
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of diabetes on heat and cold exposure with respect to the core temperature regulation, cardiovascular adjustments and glycemic control while also considering the beneficial effects of maintaining aerobic fitness.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inter‐relationships of the chronobiotic, melatonin, with leptin and adiponectin: implications for obesity
TL;DR: Despite the existence of some inconsistencies, melatonin has been found to normalize the expression and secretion patterns of both adipokines, which support the concept of melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent for obesity and related disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metrnl: a secreted protein with new emerging functions
TL;DR: This review focuses on the discovery, structural characteristics, expression pattern and physiological functions of Metrnl, which will assist in developing this protein as a new therapeutic target or agent.
References
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TL;DR: The global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013 is estimated using a spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to estimate prevalence with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).
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Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update A Report From the American Heart Association
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TL;DR: The Statistical Update brings together the most up-to-date statistics on heart disease, stroke, other vascular diseases, and their risk factors and presents them in its Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update each year.
Journal ArticleDOI
Brown Adipose Tissue: Function and Physiological Significance
Barbara Cannon,Jan Nedergaard +1 more
TL;DR: The development of brown adipose tissue with its characteristic protein, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), was probably determinative for the evolutionary success of mammals, as its thermogenesis enhances neonatal survival and allows for active life even in cold surroundings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Identification and Importance of Brown Adipose Tissue in Adult Humans
AM Cypess,Sanaz Lehman,Gethin Williams,Ilan Tal,Dean Rodman,Allison B. Goldfine,FC Kuo,Edwin L. Palmer,Yu-Hua Tseng,Alessandro Doria,Gerald M. Kolodny,C R Kahn +11 more
TL;DR: Defined regions of functionally active brown adipose tissue are present in adult humans, are more frequent in women than in men, and may be quantified noninvasively with the use of (18)F-FDG PET-CT.