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Cancer immunotherapy: moving beyond current vaccines.

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TLDR
Results in cancer vaccine trials are considered and alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models are highlighted.
Abstract
Great progress has been made in the field of tumor immunology in the past decade, but optimism about the clinical application of currently available cancer vaccine approaches is based more on surrogate endpoints than on clinical tumor regression. In our cancer vaccine trials of 440 patients, the objective response rate was low (2.6%), and comparable to the results obtained by others. We consider here results in cancer vaccine trials and highlight alternate strategies that mediate cancer regression in preclinical and clinical models.

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The future of immune checkpoint therapy

TL;DR: The way forward for this class of novel agents lies in the ability to understand human immune responses in the tumor microenvironment, which will provide valuable information regarding the dynamic nature of the immune response and regulation of additional pathways that will need to be targeted through combination therapies to provide survival benefit for greater numbers of patients.
Journal ArticleDOI

Cancer immunotherapy comes of age

TL;DR: In the context of advances in the understanding of how tolerance, immunity and immunosuppression regulate antitumour immune responses, these successes suggest that active immunotherapy represents a path to obtain a durable and long-lasting response in cancer patients.
Journal ArticleDOI

Paradoxical roles of the immune system during cancer development

TL;DR: The paradoxical role of adaptive and innate leukocytes as crucial regulators of cancer development is examined and recent insights that have been gained by manipulating immune responses in mouse models of de novo and spontaneous tumorigenesis are highlighted.
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Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer.

TL;DR: The ability to genetically engineer lymphocytes to express conventional T cell receptors or chimeric antigen receptors has further extended the successful application of ACT for cancer treatment.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

New Guidelines to Evaluate the Response to Treatment in Solid Tumors

TL;DR: A model by which a combined assessment of all existing lesions, characterized by target lesions and nontarget lesions, is used to extrapolate an overall response to treatment is proposed, which is largely validated by the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Group and integrated into the present guidelines.
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TL;DR: Recommendations have been developed for standardized approaches to the recording of baseline data relating to the patient, the tumor, laboratory and radiologic data, the reporting of treatment, grading of acute and subacute toxicity, reporting of response, recurrence and disease‐free interval, and reporting results of therapy.
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Immunologic self-tolerance maintained by activated T cells expressing IL-2 receptor alpha-chains (CD25). Breakdown of a single mechanism of self-tolerance causes various autoimmune diseases.

TL;DR: The authors showed that CD4+CD25+ cells contribute to maintaining self-tolerance by downregulating immune response to self and non-self Ags in an Ag-nonspecific manner, presumably at the T cell activation stage.
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Toll-like receptors.

TL;DR: This unit discusses mammalian Toll receptors (TLR1‐10) that have an essential role in the innate immune recognition of microorganisms and are discussed are TLR‐mediated signaling pathways and antibodies that are available to detect specific TLRs.
Journal ArticleDOI

New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors

TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a model by which a combined assessment of all existing lesions, characterized by target lesions (to be measured) and nontarget lesions, is used to extrapolate an overall response to treatment.
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