Epitypification and neotypification: guidelines with appropriate and inappropriate examples
Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,David L. Hawksworth,David L. Hawksworth,David L. Hawksworth,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,E. B. Gareth Jones,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura,Dimuthu S. Manamgoda,Kasun M. Thambugala,Dhanushka Udayanga,Erio Camporesi,Anupama Daranagama,Ruvishika S. Jayawardena,Jian-Kui Liu,Eric H. C. McKenzie,Rungtiwa Phookamsak,Indunil C. Senanayake,Roger G. Shivas,Qing Tian,Jianchu Xu,Jianchu Xu +24 more
TLDR
This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification, describes how to epity pify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process, and provides guidelines for epityPification.Abstract:
A review of phylogenetic studies carried out together with morphological ones shows that a major problem with most early studies is that they concentrated on techniques and used material or strains of fungi that in most cases were not carefully reference, and in a worrying number of cases wrongly named. Most classical species, particularly of microfungi, are not represented by adequate type material, or other authoritatively identified cultures or specimens, that can serve as DNA sources for phylogenetic study, or for developing robust identification systems. Natural classifications of fungi therefore suffer from the lack of reference strains in resultant phylogenetic trees. In some cases, epitypification and neotypification can solve this problem and these tools are increasingly used to resolve taxonomic confusion and stabilize the understanding of species, genera, families, or orders of fungi. This manuscript discusses epitypification and neotypification, describes how to epitypify or neotypify species and examines the importance of this process. A set of guidelines for epitypification is presented. Examples where taxa have been epitypified are presented and the benefits and problems of epitypification are discussed. As examples of epitypification, or to provide reference specimens, a new epitype is designated for Paraphaeosphaeria michotii and reference specimens are provided for Astrosphaeriella stellata, A. bakeriana, Phaeosphaeria elongata, Ophiobolus cirsii, and O. erythrosporus. In this way we demonstrate how to epitypify taxa and its importance, and also illustrate the value of proposing reference specimens if epitypification is not advisable. Although we provided guidelines for epitypification, the decision to epitypify or not lies with the author, who should have experience of the fungus concerned. This responsibility is to be taken seriously, as once a later typification is made, it may not be possible to undo that, particularly in the case of epitypes, without using the lengthy and tedious formal conservation and rejection processes.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species
TL;DR: New evidence is examined from various sources to derive an updated estimate of global fungal diversity, concluding that the commonly cited estimate of 1.5 million species is conservative and that the actual range is properly estimated at 2.2 to 3.8 million.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa
Guo Jie Li,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,Rui-Lin Zhao,Sinang Hongsanan,Sinang Hongsanan,Faten A. Abdel-Aziz,Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab,Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab,Pablo Alvarado,Genivaldo Alves-Silva,Joseph F. Ammirati,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Abhishek Baghela,Ali H. Bahkali,Michael Beug,D. Jayarama Bhat,Dimitar Bojantchev,Thitiya Boonpratuang,Timur S. Bulgakov,Erio Camporesi,Marcela C. Boro,Oldriska Ceska,Dyutiparna Chakraborty,Jia-Jia Chen,K. W. Thilini Chethana,Putarak Chomnunti,Giovanni Consiglio,Bao-Kai Cui,Dong-Qin Dai,Yu Cheng Dai,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Kanad Das,Monika C. Dayarathne,Monika C. Dayarathne,Eske De Crop,Rafael J. V. De Oliveira,Carlos Alberto Fragoso de Souza,José I. de Souza,Bryn T. M. Dentinger,Bryn T. M. Dentinger,Asha J. Dissanayake,Mingkwan Doilom,Mingkwan Doilom,E. Ricardo Drechsler-Santos,Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad,Sean P. Gilmore,Aristóteles Góes-Neto,Michał Gorczak,Charles H. Haitjema,Kalani Kanchana Hapuarachchi,Kalani Kanchana Hapuarachchi,Akira Hashimoto,Akira Hashimoto,Mao Qiang He,Mao Qiang He,John K. Henske,Kazuyuki Hirayama,María Josefina Iribarren,Subashini C. Jayasiri,Ruvishika S. Jayawardena,Sun Jeong Jeon,Gustavo Henrique Jerônimo,Ana L. Jesus,E. B. Gareth Jones,Ji Chuan Kang,Samantha C. Karunarathna,Samantha C. Karunarathna,Paul M. Kirk,Sirinapa Konta,Sirinapa Konta,Eric Kuhnert,Ewald Langer,Haeng Sub Lee,Hyang Burm Lee,Wen-Jing Li,Wen-Jing Li,Xinghong Li,Kare Liimatainen,Diogo Xavier Lima,Chuan Gen Lin,Chuan Gen Lin,Jian-Kui Liu,Xings Zhong Liu,Zuo Yi Liu,J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard,Robert Lücking,H. Thorsten Lumbsch,Saisamorn Lumyong,Eduardo M. Leaño,Agostina V. Marano,Misato Matsumura,Misato Matsumura,Eric H. C. McKenzie,Suchada Mongkolsamrit,Peter E. Mortimer,Thi Thuong Thuong Nguyen,Tuula Niskanen,Chada Norphanphoun,Chada Norphanphoun,Michelle A. O’Malley,Sittiporn Parnmen,Julia Pawłowska,Rekhani H. Perera,Rekhani H. Perera,Rungtiwa Phookamsak,Rungtiwa Phookamsak,Chayanard Phukhamsakda,Chayanard Phukhamsakda,Carmen L. A. Pires-Zottarelli,Olivier Raspé,Mateus Arduvino Reck,Sarah C. O. Rocha,André L. C. M. A. de Santiago,Indunil C. Senanayake,Ledo Setti,Qiu Ju Shang,Sanjay K. Singh,Esteban Benjamin Sir,Kevin V. Solomon,Jie Song,Prasert Srikitikulchai,Marc Stadler,Satinee Suetrong,Hayato Takahashi,Takumasa Takahashi,Kazuaki Tanaka,Li Ping Tang,Kasun M. Thambugala,Donnaya Thanakitpipattana,Michael K. Theodorou,Benjarong Thongbai,Tuksaporn Thummarukcharoen,Qing Tian,Qing Tian,Saowaluck Tibpromma,Saowaluck Tibpromma,Annemieke Verbeken,Alfredo Vizzini,Josef Vlasák,Kerstin Voigt,Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe,Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe,Yong Wang,Gothamie Weerakoon,Hua An Wen,Ting-Chi Wen,Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Sarunyou Wongkanoun,Marta Wrzosek,Yuan Pin Xiao,Yuan Pin Xiao,Jianchu Xu,Ji Ye Yan,Jing Yang,Shu Da Yang,Yu Hu,Jin-Feng Zhang,Jie Zhao,Li-Wei Zhou,Derek Peršoh,Alan J. L. Phillips,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura +164 more
TL;DR: This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa, including five new families, 20 new genera, and 100 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Faces of Fungi database: fungal names linked with morphology, phylogeny and human impacts
Subashini C. Jayasiri,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Jayarama D. Bhat,Bart Buyck,Lei Cai,Yu-Cheng Dai,Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam,Damien Ertz,Iman Hidayat,Rajesh Jeewon,E. B. Gareth Jones,Ali H. Bahkali,Samantha C. Karunarathna,Samantha C. Karunarathna,Jian-Kui Liu,Jian-Kui Liu,J. Jennifer Luangsa-ard,H. Thorsten Lumbsch,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura,Eric H. C. McKenzie,Jean-Marc Moncalvo,Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad,Henrik R. Nilsson,Ka-Lai Pang,Olinto Liparini Pereira,Alan J. L. Phillips,Olivier Raspé,Adam W. Rollins,Andrea Irene Romero,Javier Etayo,Faruk Selçuk,Steven L. Stephenson,Satinee Suetrong,Joanne E. Taylor,Clement K. M. Tsui,Alfredo Vizzini,Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab,Ting-Chi Wen,Saranyaphat Boonmee,Dong-Qin Dai,Dong-Qin Dai,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Asha J. Dissanayake,Anusha H. Ekanayaka,Sally C. Fryar,Sinang Hongsanan,Ruvishika S. Jayawardena,Wen-Jing Li,Wen-Jing Li,Rekhani H. Perera,Rungtiwa Phookamsak,Nimali I. de Silva,Kasun M. Thambugala,Kasun M. Thambugala,Qing Tian,Qing Tian,Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Rui-Lin Zhao,Qi Zhao,Ji-Chuan Kang,Itthayakorn Promputtha +67 more
TL;DR: The present paper introduces the FoF database to the scientific community and briefly reviews some of the problems associated with classification and identification of the main fungal groups.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fungal diversity notes 1–110: taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal species
Jian-Kui Liu,Kevin D. Hyde,Kevin D. Hyde,E. B. Gareth Jones,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Hiran A. Ariyawansa,Darbhe J. Bhat,Saranyaphat Boonmee,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura,Eric H. C. McKenzie,Rungtiwa Phookamsak,Rungtiwa Phookamsak,Chayanard Phukhamsakda,Chayanard Phukhamsakda,Belle Damodara Shenoy,Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab,Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab,Bart Buyck,Jie Chen,K. W. Thilini Chethana,Chonticha Singtripop,Chonticha Singtripop,Dong-Qin Dai,Dong-Qin Dai,Yu Cheng Dai,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Asha J. Dissanayake,Mingkwan Doilom,Mingkwan Doilom,Melvina J. D’souza,Melvina J. D’souza,Xinlei Fan,Ishani D. Goonasekara,Kazuyuki Hirayama,Sinang Hongsanan,Sinang Hongsanan,Subashini C. Jayasiri,Ruvishika S. Jayawardena,Ruvishika S. Jayawardena,Samantha C. Karunarathna,Samantha C. Karunarathna,Wen-Jing Li,Wen-Jing Li,Ausana Mapook,Ausana Mapook,Chada Norphanphoun,Ka-Lai Pang,Rekhani H. Perera,Rekhani H. Perera,Derek Peršoh,Umpava Pinruan,Indunil C. Senanayake,Indunil C. Senanayake,Sayanh Somrithipol,Satinee Suetrong,Kazuaki Tanaka,Kasun M. Thambugala,Kasun M. Thambugala,Qing Tian,Qing Tian,Saowaluck Tibpromma,Danushka Udayanga,Danushka Udayanga,Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Dhanuska Wanasinghe,Dhanuska Wanasinghe,Komsit Wisitrassameewong,Xiang Yu Zeng,Faten A. Abdel-Aziz,Slavomír Adamčík,Ali H. Bahkali,Nattawut Boonyuen,Timur S. Bulgakov,Philippe Callac,Putarak Chomnunti,Putarak Chomnunti,Katrin Greiner,Akira Hashimoto,Akira Hashimoto,Valérie Hofstetter,Ji Chuan Kang,David P. Lewis,Xinghong Li,Xingzhong Liu,Zuo Yi Liu,Misato Matsumura,Peter E. Mortimer,Gerhard Rambold,Emile Randrianjohany,Genki Sato,Veera Sri-indrasutdhi,Cheng Ming Tian,Annemieke Verbeken,Wolfgang von Brackel,Yong Wang,Ting-Chi Wen,Jianchu Xu,Ji Ye Yan,Rui-Lin Zhao,Erio Camporesi +103 more
TL;DR: This paper is a compilation of notes on 110 fungal taxa, including one new family, 10 new genera, and 76 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range.
Journal ArticleDOI
Notes for genera: Ascomycota
Nalin N. Wijayawardene,Kevin D. Hyde,Kunhiraman C. Rajeshkumar,David L. Hawksworth,Hugo Madrid,Paul M. Kirk,Uwe Braun,Rajshree V. Singh,Pedro W. Crous,Martin Kukwa,Robert Lücking,Cletus P. Kurtzman,Andrey Yurkov,Danny Haelewaters,André Aptroot,H. Thorsten Lumbsch,Einar Timdal,Damien Ertz,Javier Etayo,Alan J. L. Phillips,Johannes Z. Groenewald,Moslem Papizadeh,Laura Selbmann,Monika C. Dayarathne,Gothamie Weerakoon,E. B. Gareth Jones,Satinee Suetrong,Qing Tian,Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz,Ali H. Bahkali,Ka-Lai Pang,Kazuaki Tanaka,Dong-Qin Dai,Jariya Sakayaroj,Martina Hujslová,Lorenzo Lombard,Belle Damodara Shenoy,Ave Suija,Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura,Kasun M. Thambugala,Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe,Bharati O. Sharma,Subhash Gaikwad,Gargee Pandit,Laura Zucconi,Silvano Onofri,Eleonora Egidi,Huzefa A. Raja,Rampai Kodsueb,Marcela Eugenia da Silva Cáceres,Sergio Pérez-Ortega,Patrícia Oliveira Fiuza,Josiane Santana Monteiro,Larissa N. Vasilyeva,Roger G. Shivas,María Prieto,Mats Wedin,Ibai Olariaga,A. A. Lateef,Yamini Agrawal,Seyed Abolhassan Shahzadeh Fazeli,Mohammad Ali Amoozegar,Guo Zhu Zhao,Walter P. Pfliegler,Gunjan Sharma,Magdalena Oset,Mohamed A. Abdel-Wahab,Susumu Takamatsu,K. Bensch,Nimali I. de Silva,André De Kesel,Anuruddha Karunarathna,Saranyaphat Boonmee,Donald H. Pfister,Yong-Zhong Lu,Zong-Long Luo,Nattawut Boonyuen,Dinushani A. Daranagama,Indunil C. Senanayake,Subashini C. Jayasiri,Milan C. Samarakoon,Xiang-Yu Zeng,Mingkwan Doilom,Luis Quijada,Sillma Rampadarath,Gabriela Heredia,Asha J. Dissanayake,Ruvishika S. Jayawardana,Rekhani H. Perera,Li Zhou Tang,Chayanard Phukhamsakda,Margarita Hernández-Restrepo,Xiao-Ya Ma,Saowaluck Tibpromma,Luís Fernando Pascholati Gusmão,Darshani Weerahewa,Samantha C. Karunarathna +96 more
TL;DR: This work is intended to provide the foundation for updating the ascomycete component of the “Without prejudice list of generic names of Fungi” published in 2013, which will be developed into a list of protected generic names.
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