Formation of massive black holes in rapidly growing pre-galactic gas clouds
John H. Wise,John A. Regan,Brian W. O'Shea,Michael L. Norman,Michael L. Norman,Turlough P. Downes,Hao Xu,Hao Xu,Hao Xu +8 more
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TLDR
A radiation hydrodynamics simulation of early galaxy formation suggests that the dynamics of structure formation, rather than the Lyman–Werner flux, drives the formation of massive black holes in the early Universe.Abstract:
The origin of the supermassive black holes that inhabit the centres of massive galaxies remains unclear1,2. Direct-collapse black holes-remnants of supermassive stars, with masses around 10,000 times that of the Sun-are ideal seed candidates3-6. However, their very existence and their formation environment in the early Universe are still under debate, and their supposed rarity makes modelling their formation difficult7,8. Models have shown that rapid collapse of pre-galactic gas (with a mass infall rate above some critical value) in metal-free haloes is a requirement for the formation of a protostellar core that will then form a supermassive star9,10. Here we report a radiation hydrodynamics simulation of early galaxy formation11,12 that produces metal-free haloes massive enough and with sufficiently high mass infall rates to form supermassive stars. We find that pre-galactic haloes and their associated gas clouds that are exposed to a Lyman-Werner intensity roughly three times the intensity of the background radiation and that undergo at least one period of rapid mass growth early in their evolution are ideal environments for the formation of supermassive stars. The rapid growth induces substantial dynamical heating13,14, amplifying the Lyman-Werner suppression that originates from a group of young galaxies 20 kiloparsecs away. Our results strongly indicate that the dynamics of structure formation, rather than a critical Lyman-Werner flux, is the main driver of the formation of massive black holes in the early Universe. We find that the seeds of massive black holes may be much more common than previously considered in overdense regions of the early Universe, with a co-moving number density up to 10-3 per cubic megaparsec.read more
Citations
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Enzo: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics
Greg L. Bryan,Michael L. Norman,Brian W. O'Shea,Tom Abel,John H. Wise,Matthew J. Turk,Daniel R. Reynolds,David C. Collins,Peng Wang,Samuel W. Skillman,Britton D. Smith,Robert P. Harkness,James Bordner,Ji-hoon Kim,Michael Kuhlen,Hao Xu,Nathan J. Goldbaum,Cameron Hummels,Alexei G. Kritsuk,Elizabeth J. Tasker,Stephen Skory +20 more
TL;DR: Enzo as discussed by the authors uses block-structured adaptive mesh refinement to provide high spatial and temporal resolution for modeling astrophysical fluid flows, which can be run in one, two, and three dimensions, and supports a wide variety of physics, including hydrodynamics, ideal and non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic, N-body dynamics, primordial gas chemistry, optically thin radiative cooling of primordial and metal-enriched plasmas, and models for star formation and feedback in a cosmological context.
Journal ArticleDOI
Simulations of Early Structure Formation: Primordial Gas Clouds
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used large cosmological simulations to study the origin of primordial star-forming clouds in a Lambda CDM universe, by following the formation of dark matter halos and the cooling of gas within them.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nuclear star clusters
TL;DR: A review of the current knowledge about nuclear star clusters (NSCs), the spectacularly dense and massive assemblies of stars found at the centers of most galaxies, can be found in this paper.
Galacticus: A Semi-Analytic Model of Galaxy Formation
TL;DR: GALACTICUS as mentioned in this paper is a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation, which is designed to facilitate expansion and the exploration of alternative descriptions of key physical ingredients for galaxy formation.
Journal ArticleDOI
ENZO: An Adaptive Mesh Refinement Code for Astrophysics (Version 2.6)
Corey Brummel-Smith,Greg L. Bryan,Iryna S. Butsky,Lauren Corlies,Andrew Emerick,John C. Forbes,Yusuke Fujimoto,Nathan J. Goldbaum,Philipp Grete,Cameron Hummels,Ji-hoon Kim,Daegene Koh,Miao Li,Yuan Li,Xinyu Li,Brian W. O'Shea,Molly S. Peeples,John A. Regan,Munier Salem,Wolfram Schmidt,Christine M. Simpson,Britton D. Smith,Jason Tumlinson,Matthew J. Turk,John H. Wise,Tom Abel,James Bordner,Renyue Cen,David C. Collins,Brian D. Crosby,P. V. F. Edelmann,Oliver Hahn,Robert P. Harkness,Elizabeth Harper-Clark,Shuo Kong,Alexei G. Kritsuk,Michael Kuhlen,James Larrue,Eve Lee,Greg Meece,Michael L. Norman,Jeffrey S. Oishi,Pascal Paschos,Carolyn Peruta,Alex Razoumov,Daniel R. Reynolds,Devin W. Silvia,Samuel W. Skillman,Stephen Skory,Geoffrey C. So,Elizabeth J. Tasker,Rick Wagner,Peng Wang,Hao Xu,Fen Zhao +54 more
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Alexander Heger,Alexander Heger,Chris L. Fryer,Stanford E Woosley,Norbert Langer,Dieter H. Hartmann +5 more
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A luminous quasar at a redshift of z = 7.085
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