High Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and Low Amyloid β42 Levels in the Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease and Relation to Apolipoprotein E Genotype

TLDR: Combined analysis of CSF Abeta42 and tau levels discriminated patients with AD, including patients with mild dementia, from the NC group, supporting use of these proteins to identify AD and to distinguish early AD from aging.

Abstract: Objective To evaluate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid β protein ending at amino acid 42 (Aβ42) and tau as markers for Alzheimer disease (AD) and to determine whether clinical variables influence these levels. Design Cohort study. Setting Six academic research centers with expertise in dementia. Subjects Eighty-two patients with probable AD, including 24 with very mild dementia (Mini-Mental State Examination score >23/30) (AD group); 60 cognitively normal elderly control subjects (NC group); and 74 subjects with neurological disorders, including dementia (ND group). Main Outcome Measures Levels of Aβ42 and tau were compared among AD, NC, and ND groups. Relationships of age, sex, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype with these levels were examined using multiple linear regression. Classification tree models were developed to optimize distinguishing AD from NC groups. Results Levels of Αβ42 were significantly lower, and levels of tau were significantly higher, in the AD group than in the NC or ND group. In the AD group, Αβ42 level was inversely associated with Apo E ϵ 4 allele dose and weakly related to Mini-Mental State Examination score; tau level was associated with male sex and 1 Apo E ϵ 4 allele. Classification tree analysis, comparing the AD and NC subjects, was 90% sensitive and 80% specific. With specificity set at greater than 90%, the tree was 77% sensitive for AD. This tree classified 26 of 74 members of the ND group as having AD. They had diagnoses difficult to distinguish from AD clinically and a high Apo E ϵ 4 allele frequency. Markers in CSF were used to correctly classify 12 of 13 patients who later underwent autopsy, including 1 with AD not diagnosed clinically. Conclusions Levels of CSF Αβ42 decrease and levels of CSF tau increase in AD. Apolipoprotein E ϵ 4 had a dose-dependent relationship with CSF levels of Αβ42, but not tau. Other covariates influenced CSF markers minimally. Combined analysis of CSF Αβ42 and tau levels discriminated patients with AD, including patients with mild dementia, from the NC group, supporting use of these proteins to identify AD and to distinguish early AD from aging. In subjects in the ND group with an AD CSF profile, autopsy follow-up will be required to decide whether CSF results are false positive, or whether AD is a primary or concomitant cause of dementia.