Q2. What are the future works in this paper?
These endeavours involve a range of research methods, shaped according to the questions addressed and further iterative processes linking research, reflection and action. 67 This highlights the need for further dialogue between journals and authors on how to report the implementation process and learning from implementation research and the broader field of Health Policy and Systems research.
Q3. What are some examples of bundles of interventions?
Examplesof bundles of interventions include linking human resources strategies (e.g. attendance monitoringand appraisal) with strategies addressing wider health systems problems, such as by building competence and ensuring medical supplies are available.
Q4. What was the motivation for community adherence to treatment?
The awareness of onchocerciasis and its socio-economic impacts on the population was a motivating factor for community adherence totreatment.
Q5. What are the key trade-offs to consider when doing implementation research?
6. Implementation research involves some key trade-offs to consider: (i) rigor versus usefulness of the research; (ii) fidelity versus adaptation of an implementation component; (iii) embedded versus externally objective approaches; (iv) seeking generalizable knowledge versus context-specific problem-solving; (v) incentives versus disincentives for researchers and implementing agencies.
Q6. What are some of the meta-frameworks that are useful for implementation research?
These include the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research,13 the National (US) Implementation Research Network’s Active Implementation Frameworks (Usable interventions, Implementation stages, Implementation drivers, Implementation teams, and Improvement cycles),14 a synthesis of frameworks on implementation processes,15 and an analysis of models according to a socioecological framework to help identify and select relevant frameworks.
Q7. What is the case of the implementation of a national Balanced Scorecard in Afghanistan?
The case of the development and use of a national Balanced Scorecard (BSC) onbasic services in Afghanistan demonstrates how implementation research can be used toimmediately influence policy, as well as the limitations and potential consequences of the closelinks of research and policy.
Q8. What are the main characteristics of implementation research?
The case studies also demonstrate how implementation research involves partnerships acrossthe research and implementation cycles with co-production and concurrent use of knowledge.
Q9. What was the process of piloting the CHPS in Ghana?
Between 1994 and 2000, country stakeholders went through an interactive and engaging processto pilot, experiment, replicate and scale up a programme that mobilized local volunteers, resources and cultural institutions to support community based primary care.
Q10. What is the need for further dialogue between journals and authors?
67 Thishighlights the need for further dialogue between journals and authors on how to report theimplementation process and learning from implementation research and the broader field ofHealth Policy and Systems research.
Q11. What is the WHO standard of care for outpatient management?
While hospitalization remainsthe WHO standard of care, a coordinated set of studies in Africa, Bangladesh and Pakistanestablished a new evidence base of implementation strategies for outpatient management, where necessary, which have been included in new WHO guidance.
Q12. What is the lowest level of public health services in Ghana?
Implementation research that informs policyGhana: The Community Health and Planning Services (CHPS) is the lowest level at which publichealth services are delivered in Ghana.
Q13. What was the purposeful application of different research approaches to smallpox?
This included research on different ways to deliver vaccines, such as thebifurcated needle invented in 1965 that enabled quick and efficient immunization of large numbersof people.