Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of Action of (n-3) Fatty Acids
TLDR
The very long-chain (n-3) PUFA have a range of physiological roles that relate to optimal cell membrane structure and optimal cell function and responses, and play a key role in preventing, and perhaps treating, many conditions of poor health and well-being.Abstract:
(n-3) PUFA are a family of biologically active fatty acids. The simplest member of this family, α-linolenic acid, can be converted to the more biologically active very long-chain (n-3) PUFA EPA and DHA; this process occurs by a series of desaturation and elongation reactions, with stearidonic acid being an intermediate in the pathway. Biological activity of α-linolenic and stearidonic acids most likely relates to their conversion to EPA. The very long-chain (n-3) PUFA have a range of physiological roles that relate to optimal cell membrane structure and optimal cell function and responses. Thus, (n-3) PUFA play a key role in preventing, and perhaps treating, many conditions of poor health and well-being. The multiple actions of (n-3) PUFA appear to involve multiple mechanisms that connect the cell membrane, the cytosol, and the nucleus. For some actions, (n-3) PUFA appear to act via receptors or sensors, so regulating signaling processes that influence patterns of gene expression. Some effects of (n-3) PUFA seem to involve changes in cell membrane fatty acid composition. Changing membrane composition can in turn affect membrane order, formation of lipid rafts, intracellular signaling processes, gene expression, and the production of both lipid and peptide mediators. Under typical Western dietary conditions, human cells tend to have a fairly high content of the (n-6) fatty acid arachidonic acid. Increased oral intake of EPA and DHA modifies the content of arachidonic acid as well as of EPA and DHA. Arachidonic acid is the substrate for eicosanoids involved in physiology and pathophysiology. The eicosanoids produced from EPA frequently have properties that are different from those that are produced from arachidonic acid. EPA and DHA are also substrates for production of resolvins and protectins, which seem to be biologically extremely potent. Increasing the contents of EPA and DHA in membranes modifies the pattern of production of these different lipid mediators.read more
Citations
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Antagonistic crosstalk between NF-κB and SIRT1 in the regulation of inflammation and metabolic disorders.
TL;DR: The molecular mechanisms of the antagonistic signaling between NF-κB and SIRT1 are examined and how this crosstalk controls inflammatory process and energy metabolism is described to induce the appearance of chronic inflammation in metabolic diseases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional Roles of Fatty Acids and Their Effects on Human Health
TL;DR: It would seem more appropriate to describe biological effects and health impacts of individual named fatty acids, although it is recognized that this would be a challenge when communicating outside of an academic environment (eg, to consumers).
Journal ArticleDOI
Long-term intake of dietary fat and risk of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
Ashwin N. Ananthakrishnan,Hamed Khalili,Gauree G. Konijeti,Leslie M. Higuchi,Punyanganie S. de Silva,Charles S. Fuchs,Charles S. Fuchs,Walter C. Willett,Walter C. Willett,James M. Richter,Andrew T. Chan,Andrew T. Chan +11 more
TL;DR: A high intake of dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs may be associated with a reduced risk of Crohn's disease and a high Intake of trans-unsaturated fats may beassociated with an increased risk of UC.
Journal ArticleDOI
Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health.
Rafael Zárate,Nabil el Jaber-Vazdekis,Noemi Tejera,José Andrés Moreno Pérez,Covadonga Rodríguez +4 more
TL;DR: The present study suggests that the current recommendations of consumption and/or supplementation of omega-3 FAs are specific to particular groups of age and physiological status, and still need more fine tuning for overall human health and well being.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior
Rhonda P. Patrick,Bruce N. Ames +1 more
TL;DR: A model whereby insufficient levels of vitamin D, EPA, or DHA, in combination with genetic factors and at key periods during development, would lead to dysfunctional serotonin activation and function is proposed and suggests that optimizing vitamin D and marine omega‐3 fatty acid intake may help prevent and modulate the severity of brain dysfunction.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial
TL;DR: Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA led to a clinically important and statistically significant benefit and vitamin E had no benefit and its effects on fatal cardiovascular events require further exploration.
Journal ArticleDOI
15-Deoxy-delta 12, 14-prostaglandin J2 is a ligand for the adipocyte determination factor PPAR gamma.
Barry M. Forman,Barry M. Forman,Peter Tontonoz,Jasmine Chen,Regina P. Brun,Bruce M. Spiegelman,Ronald M. Evans,Ronald M. Evans +7 more
TL;DR: A pivotal role is suggested for PPARγ and its endogenous ligand in adipocyte development and glucose homeostasis and as a target for intervention in metabolic disorders.
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Resolving inflammation : dual anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution lipid mediators
TL;DR: New cellular and molecular mechanisms for the resolution of inflammation are presented, revealing key roles for eicosanoids, such as lipoxins, and recently discovered families of endogenous chemical mediators, termed resolvins and protectins, which have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution properties.
Journal ArticleDOI
n−3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases
TL;DR: At sufficiently high intakes, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as found in oily fish and fish oils, decrease the production of inflammatory eicosanoids, cytokines, and reactive oxygen species and the expression of adhesion molecules, and are potentially potent antiinflammatory agents.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis
Mitsuhiro Yokoyama,Hideki Origasa,Masunori Matsuzaki,Yuji Matsuzawa,Yasushi Saito,Yuichi Ishikawa,Shinichi Oikawa,Jun Sasaki,Hitoshi Hishida,Hiroshige Itakura,Toru Kita,Akira Kitabatake,Noriaki Nakaya,Toshiie Sakata,Kazuyuki Shimada,Kunio Shirato +15 more
TL;DR: Testing the hypothesis that long-term use of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is effective for prevention of major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients in Japan who consume a large amount of fish found it to be a promising treatment.