Journal ArticleDOI
Membrane estrogen receptors identified by multiple antibody labeling and impeded-ligand binding.
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TLDR
It is demonstrated that GH3/B6 rat pituitary tumor cells contain a membrane ER (mER), and confocal scanning laser microscopy of cells labeled live with the anti‐peptide antibody further supports a membrane localization of ER, suggesting that mER may be structurally similar to iER.Abstract:
GH3/B6 rat pituitary tumor cells exhibit rapid prolactin release (within 5 min) when treated with nanomolar amounts of estrogen. However, the putative protein mediator of this nongenomic action has not been described. Using antibodies directed against a peptide representing the hinge region of the intracellular estrogen receptor (iER), we have demonstrated that these cells contain a membrane ER (mER). We now report that confocal scanning laser microscopy of cells labeled live with the anti-peptide antibody further supports a membrane localization of ER. The monoclonal antibodies H226 and H222 and a polyclonal antibody, ER21, each recognizing a unique epitope on iER (NH2 terminal to the DNA-binding region, within the steroid binding region, and the NH2-terminal end, respectively), also immunohistochemically label membrane proteins of immuno-selected GH3/B6 cells. These cells also specifically bind a fluorescent estrogen-BSA conjugate. Coincubation of cells with anti-ER antibody and the fluorescent estrogen...read more
Citations
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The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system
TL;DR: Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by the estrogen receptors ER-alpha and ER-beta, and indirectly influences serum lipoprotein and triglyceride profiles, and the expression of coagulant and fibrinolytic proteins.
Journal ArticleDOI
Birth and death of bone cells: basic regulatory mechanisms and implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis.
TL;DR: The role and the molecular mechanism of action of regulatory molecules, such as cytokines and hormones, in osteoclast and osteoblast birth and apoptosis are reviewed to review the evidence for the contribution of changes in bone cell birth or death to the pathogenesis of the most common forms of osteoporosis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estrogen receptor null mice: what have we learned and where will they lead us?
John F. Couse,Kenneth S. Korach +1 more
TL;DR: The recent successful generation of double knockout, or alpha beta ERKO mice of both sexes, suggests that this receptor is also not essential to survival and was most likely not a compensatory factor in the survival of the alpha ERKO.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mechanisms of Estrogen Action
Stefan Nilsson,Sari Mäkelä,Eckardt Treuter,Michel Tujague,Jane S. Thomsen,Göran Andersson,Eva Enmark,Katarina Pettersson,Margaret Warner,Jan-Åke Gustafsson +9 more
TL;DR: The role of estrogen receptors in physiology and pathology has been investigated in the past decade and it was found that there was not one but two distinct and functional estrogen receptors, now called ERα and ERβ.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estrogen actions in the central nervous system.
Bruce S. McEwen,Stephen E. Alves +1 more
TL;DR: This work has shown that estrogens, Neuroprotection, and Alzheimer’s Disease are intertwined and that the effects of estrogens on learning and memory are determined by the mechanism of action of the hormone.
References
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The steroid and thyroid hormone receptor superfamily
TL;DR: A superfamily of regulatory proteins that include receptors for thyroid hormone and the vertebrate morphogen retinoic acid is identified, suggesting mechanisms underlying morphogenesis and homeostasis may be more ubiquitous than previously expected.
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The Analysis of Variance
TL;DR: In this paper, the basic theory of analysis of variance by considering several different mathematical models is examined, including fixed-effects models with independent observations of equal variance and other models with different observations of variance.
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All ras proteins are polyisoprenylated but only some are palmitoylated
TL;DR: It is shown that all ras proteins are polyisoprenylated on their C-terminal cysteine (Cys186) and palmitoylation increases the avidity of this binding and enhances their transforming activity.
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Monoclonal antibodies localize oestrogen receptor in the nuclei of target cells.
TL;DR: The development of an immunocytochemical procedure suitable for localizing oestrophilin directly in frozen tissue sections or cells from human and several non-human sources is reported.