Book ChapterDOI
Neuropharmacological Effects of the Main Phytocannabinoids: A Narrative Review.
TLDR
An overview of the main neurochemical mechanisms of action of the phytocannabinoids, especially THC and CBD is presented, which could be responsible for their wide therapeutic spectrum and "promiscuous" pharmacology.Abstract:
Cannabis can synthetize more than 400 compounds, including terpenes, flavonoids, and more than 100 phytocannabinoids. The main phytocannabinoids are Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Cannabis-based products are used as medicines in several countries. In this text, we present an overview of the main neurochemical mechanisms of action of the phytocannabinoids, especially THC and CBD. We also reviewed the indications and adverse effects of the main cannabis-based medicinal products. THC acts as a partial agonist at cannabinoid 1/2 receptors (CB1/2). It is responsible for the characteristic effects of cannabis, such as euphoria, relaxation, and changes in perceptions. THC can also produce dysphoria, anxiety, and psychotic symptoms. THC is used therapeutically in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, as an appetite stimulant, and in chronic pain. CBD acts as a noncompetitive negative allosteric modulator of the CB1 receptor, as an inverse agonist of the CB2 receptor, and as an inhibitor of the reuptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide. Moreover, CBD also activates 5-HT1A serotonergic receptors and vanilloid receptors. Its use in treatment-resistant epilepsy syndromes is approved in some countries. CBD does not produce the typical effects associated with THC and has anxiolytic and antipsychotic effects. Some of the most common adverse effects of CBD are diarrhea, somnolence, nausea, and transaminase elevations (with concomitant use of antiepileptics). The mechanisms of action involved in both the therapeutic and adverse effects of the phytocannabinoids are not fully understood, involving not only the endocannabinoid system. This "promiscuous" pharmacology could be responsible for their wide therapeutic spectrum.read more
Citations
More filters
Book ChapterDOI
Cannabinoids
TL;DR: In this paper , the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in various aspects of brain development and function is discussed and the potential for adverse effects of usage on the nervous system upon recreational usage or therapeutic intervention.
Journal ArticleDOI
Enantioseparation of chiral phytocannabinoids in medicinal cannabis.
Fabiana Russo,Francesco Tolomeo,Maria Angela Vandelli,Giuseppe Biagini,Aldo Laganà,Anna Laura Capriotti,Andrea Cerrato,Luigi Carbone,Elisabetta Perrone,Alberto Cavazzini,Vincenzo Maiorano,Giuseppe Gigli,Giuseppe Cannazza,Cinzia Citti +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper , achiral-chiral liquid chromatography method coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry detection in reversed phase conditions (RP-HPLC-UV-HRMS) was used for the isolation of single compounds and evaluation of their actual enantiomeric composition in plant.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role of Calcium Modulation in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Daniela Baracaldo-Santamaría,Daniel Ariza-Salamanca,Mateo Rodríguez-Giraldo,Carlos Alberto Calderón-Ospina,Rodrigo E. González-Reyes,Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa +5 more
TL;DR: In this article , a review aims to update the calcium-dysregulation mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease and discuss targets and molecules with therapeutic potential based on their modulation, including L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels, transient receptor potential channels, and ryanodine receptors.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Cannabinoids for Medical Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Penny Whiting,Penny Whiting,Robert Wolff,Sohan Deshpande,Marcello Di Nisio,Steven Duffy,Adrian V. Hernandez,Adrian V. Hernandez,J. Christiaan Keurentjes,Shona H. Lang,Kate Misso,Steve Ryder,Simone Schmidlkofer,Marie Westwood,Jos Kleijnen +14 more
TL;DR: There was moderate- quality evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity and low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids were associated with improvements in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, weight gain in HIV infection, sleep disorders, and Tourette syndrome.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cannabis sativa: The Plant of the Thousand and One Molecules
TL;DR: Prospects on the benefits linked to the use of the -omics technologies, such as metabolomics and transcriptomics to speed up the identification and the large-scale production of lead agents from bioengineered Cannabis cell culture, are presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cannabidiol enhances anandamide signaling and alleviates psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia
F. M. Leweke,Daniele Piomelli,Daniele Piomelli,Franziska Pahlisch,Franziska Pahlisch,D Muhl,D Muhl,C.W. Gerth,Carolin Hoyer,Carolin Hoyer,Joachim Klosterkötter,Martin Hellmich,Dagmar Koethe,Dagmar Koethe +13 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that inhibition of anandamide deactivation may contribute to the antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol potentially representing a completely new mechanism in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Journal ArticleDOI
Non-psychotropic plant cannabinoids: new therapeutic opportunities from an ancient herb
TL;DR: Cannabidiol and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin, a novel CB(1) antagonist which exerts potentially useful actions in the treatment of epilepsy and obesity are given special emphasis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review
Nora D. Volkow,James M. Swanson,A. Eden Evins,Lynn E. DeLisi,Madeline H. Meier,Raul Gonzalez,Michael A P Bloomfield,H. Valerie Curran,Ruben Baler +8 more
TL;DR: To inform the political discourse with scientific evidence, the literature was reviewed to identify what is known and not known about the effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis.