Book ChapterDOI
Particulate Air Pollution: Injurious and Protective Mechanisms in the Lungs
William MacNee,Ken Donaldson +1 more
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
In this paper, an important defense mechanism in the airways against inhaled particles is the mucociliary escalator, which trap deposited particles. But the mechanisms of these effects are not well understood.Abstract:
Publisher Summary This chapter addresses issues in relation to the adverse health effects of PM 10 ( mass of particulate air pollution). Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a clear relationship between the levels of PM 10 and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Deaths, not only from respiratory causes, but also from vascular causes, that is, myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accidents, are also related to levels of PM 10 . The mechanisms of these effects are not well understood. The ability of the lung to protect itself against inhaled particles, and the susceptibility of individuals to the effects of particles, will determine the outcome in terms of the adverse effects of environmental particles. An important defense mechanism in the airways against inhaled particles is the mucociliary escalator. In the large proximal airways, goblet cells secrete mucus, which trap deposited particles. Mucus has a major role in protecting the airways, particularly as it is a rich source of antioxidants.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that only ultrafine polystyrene particles induced a significant increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration and experiments using dichlorofluorescin diacetate demonstrated greater oxidant activity of the ultrafine particles, which may explain their activity in these assays.
Journal ArticleDOI
A review of land-use regression models to assess spatial variation of outdoor air pollution
Gerard Hoek,Rob Beelen,Kees de Hoogh,Danielle Vienneau,John S. Gulliver,Paul Fischer,David J. Briggs +6 more
TL;DR: Land-use regression (LUR) models have been increasingly used in the past few years to assess the health effects of long-term average exposure to outdoor air pollution as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: from 25 years of inaction to a global transformation for public health
Nick Watts,Markus Amann,Sonja Ayeb-Karlsson,Kristine Belesova,Timothy Bouley,Maxwell T. Boykoff,Peter Byass,Wenjia Cai,Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum,Johnathan Chambers,Peter M. Cox,Meaghan Daly,Niheer Dasandi,Michael Davies,Michael H. Depledge,Anneliese Depoux,Paula Dominguez-Salas,Paul Drummond,Paul Ekins,Antoine Flahault,Howard Frumkin,Lucien Georgeson,Mostafa Ghanei,Delia Grace,Hilary Graham,Rébecca Grojsman,Andy Haines,Ian Hamilton,Stella M. Hartinger,Anne M Johnson,Ilan Kelman,Gregor Kiesewetter,Dominic Kniveton,Lu Liang,Melissa C. Lott,Robert Lowe,Georgina M. Mace,Maquins Odiambo Sewe,Mark A. Maslin,Slava Mikhaylov,James Milner,Ali Mohammad Latifi,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Karyn Morrissey,Kris A. Murray,Tara Neville,Maria Nilsson,Tadj Oreszczyn,Fereidoon Owfi,David Pencheon,Steve Pye,Mahnaz Rabbaniha,Elizabeth J. Z. Robinson,Joacim Rocklöv,Stefanie Schütte,Joy Shumake-Guillemot,Rebecca Steinbach,Meisam Tabatabaei,Nicola Wheeler,Paul Wilkinson,Peng Gong,Hugh Montgomery,Anthony Costello +62 more
TL;DR: The Lancet Countdown track progress on health and climate change and provides an independent assessment of the health effects of climate change, the implementation of the Paris Agreement, 1 and 3.
Journal ArticleDOI
Estimated Global Mortality Attributable to Smoke from Landscape Fires
Fay H. Johnston,Sarah B. Henderson,Yang Chen,James T. Randerson,Miriam E. Marlier,Ruth DeFries,Patrick L. Kinney,David M. J. S. Bowman,Michael Brauer +8 more
TL;DR: Fire emissions are an important contributor to global mortality and could be substantially reduced by curtailing burning of tropical rainforests, which rarely burn naturally.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Pulmonary Toxicology of Ultrafine Particles
Ken Donaldson,David M. Brown,Anna Clouter,Rodger Duffin,William MacNee,Louise Renwick,Lang Tran,Vicki Stone +7 more
TL;DR: Increased influx of Ca(++) in macrophages exposed to ultrafines can lead to the transcription of key pro-inflammatory genes such as TNFalpha, and this may be pro-inflammogenic.
References
More filters
Standards for the Diagnosis and Care of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Bartolome R. Celli,Gordon L. Snider,John E. Heffner,Brian Tiep,Irwin Ziment,Barry J. Make,Sidney Braman,Gerald Olsen,Yancy Y. Phillips +8 more
TL;DR: Values below this suggest that further studies, such as split func-tion assessment by quantitative lung scintigraphy and exercisetesting, are warranted, and that all elective surgery Prophylaxis against deep venous throm-bosis should be given before most procedures that will require postoperative bed rest or significantly reduce mobility.
Journal ArticleDOI
Particulate air pollution and acute health effects
TL;DR: It is suggested that ultra-fine particles in the nature of the urban particulate cloud are able to provoke alveolar inflammation, with release of mediators capable, in susceptible individuals, of causing exacerbations of lung disease and of increasing blood coagulability, thus also explaining the observed increases in cardiovascular deaths associated with urban pollution episodes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Haemostatic function and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the northwick park heart study
T.W. Meade,Milica Brozovic,R. Chakrabarti,Andy Haines,J D Imeson,Sandra Mellows,G.J. Miller,W R S North,Yvonne Stirling,S.G. Thompson +9 more
TL;DR: The Northwick Park Heart Study has investigated the thrombotic component of ischaemic heart disease by the inclusion of measures of haemostatic function, finding that the biochemical disturbance leading to IHD may lie at least as much in the coagulation system as in the metabolism of cholesterol.
Journal ArticleDOI
Control of I kappa B-alpha proteolysis by site-specific, signal-induced phosphorylation
TL;DR: Results suggest that phosphorylation at one or both of these residues is critical for activation of NF-kappa B, the transcription factor inhibited by I kappa B-alpha.
Journal ArticleDOI
Differences in interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in induced sputum from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma.
TL;DR: A significant increase in neutrophils and increased concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the patients with COPD compared with the smoking and nonsmoking control subjects means that the cytokines TNF alpha and IL-8 may be involved in the inflammation in COPD.