Regulation of flagellar motility during biofilm formation
TLDR
The regulation of motility during biofilm formation in Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Escherichia is reviewed, and it is concluded that the motility-to-biofilm transition, if necessary, likely involves two steps.Abstract:
Many bacteria swim in liquid or swarm over solid surfaces by synthesizing rotary flagella The same bacteria that are motile also commonly form nonmotile multicellular aggregates called biofilms Biofilms are an important part of the lifestyle of pathogenic bacteria, and it is assumed that there is a motility-to-biofilm transition wherein the inhibition of motility promotes biofilm formation The transition is largely inferred from regulatory mutants that reveal the opposite regulation of the two phenotypes Here, we review the regulation of motility during biofilm formation in Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Escherichia, and we conclude that the motility-to-biofilm transition, if necessary, likely involves two steps In the short term, flagella are functionally regulated to either inhibit rotation or modulate the basal flagellar reversal frequency Over the long term, flagellar gene transcription is inhibited and in the absence of de novo synthesis, flagella are diluted to extinction through growth Both short-term and long-term motility inhibition is likely important to stabilize cell aggregates and optimize resource investment We emphasize the newly discovered flagellar functional regulators and speculate that others await discovery in the context of biofilm formationread more
Citations
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Gain of Spontaneous clpX Mutations Boosting Motility via Adaption to Environments in Escherichia coli
Bingyu Li,Chaofan Hou,Xian Ju,Yong Feng,Zhi-Qiang Ye,Yunzhu Xiao,Mingyao Gu,Chunxiang Fu,Chaoliang Wei,Conghui You +9 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identified that spontaneous mutations in clpX boosted motility of E. coli largely, inducing several folds of changes in swimming speed, and further elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the ClpXV78F mutation on regulation of E coli motility.
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DissertationDOI
Role of Motility and its Regulation in Escherichia coliBiofilm formation
TL;DR: The results show that during biofilm initiation, smooth swimming at the surface leads to hydrodynamic entrapment, thereby promoting cell attachment and, with the requirement of swimming for cell attachment, c-di-GMP plays a dual role during the course of biofilm formation, inhibitingBiofilm initiation through motility inhibition and promoting biofilm maturation through upregulation of adhesion factors.
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References
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Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development
George A. O'Toole,Roberto Kolter +1 more
TL;DR: The isolation and characterization of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 defective in the initiation of biofilm formation on an abiotic surface, polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic are reported and evidence that microcolonies form by aggregation of cells present in the monolayer is presented.
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