Regulation of flagellar motility during biofilm formation
TLDR
The regulation of motility during biofilm formation in Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Escherichia is reviewed, and it is concluded that the motility-to-biofilm transition, if necessary, likely involves two steps.Abstract:
Many bacteria swim in liquid or swarm over solid surfaces by synthesizing rotary flagella The same bacteria that are motile also commonly form nonmotile multicellular aggregates called biofilms Biofilms are an important part of the lifestyle of pathogenic bacteria, and it is assumed that there is a motility-to-biofilm transition wherein the inhibition of motility promotes biofilm formation The transition is largely inferred from regulatory mutants that reveal the opposite regulation of the two phenotypes Here, we review the regulation of motility during biofilm formation in Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, and Escherichia, and we conclude that the motility-to-biofilm transition, if necessary, likely involves two steps In the short term, flagella are functionally regulated to either inhibit rotation or modulate the basal flagellar reversal frequency Over the long term, flagellar gene transcription is inhibited and in the absence of de novo synthesis, flagella are diluted to extinction through growth Both short-term and long-term motility inhibition is likely important to stabilize cell aggregates and optimize resource investment We emphasize the newly discovered flagellar functional regulators and speculate that others await discovery in the context of biofilm formationread more
Citations
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Topological control of the Caulobacter cell cycle circuitry by a polarized single-domain PAS protein.
Stefano Sanselicio,Matthieu Bergé,Laurence Théraulaz,Sunish Kumar Radhakrishnan,Patrick H. Viollier +4 more
TL;DR: Because MopJ abundance is upregulated in stationary phase and by the alarmone (p)ppGpp, conserved systemic signals acting on the cell cycle and growth phase control are genetically integrated through this conserved single PAS-domain protein.
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Genome-wide identification of genes necessary for biofilm formation by nosocomial pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia reveals that orphan response regulator FsnR is a critical modulator.
TL;DR: A random transposon insertion mutant library of S. maltophilia was constructed and genetic and biochemical evidence demonstrated that an orphan response regulator, FsnR, activated transcription of at least two flagellum-associated operons by directly binding to their promoters, playing a fundamental role in controlling flageLLar assembly, cell motility, and biofilm formation.
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Swimming and twitching motility are essential for attachment and virulence of Pantoea ananatis in onion seedlings
TL;DR: It was evident that flagella aid P. ananatis in locating and attaching to onion leaf surfaces, as well as in pathogenicity, whereas twitching motility is instrumental in the spread of the bacteria on the surface once attachment has occurred.
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More than a locomotive organelle: flagella in Escherichia coli
TL;DR: This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding Escherichia coli flagellin variants and the role of flagella in bacterial functions other than motility, including the relationship betweenFlagella and bacterial virulence.
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Ocean's Twelve: flagellar and biofilm chromids in the multipartite genome of Marinovum algicola DG898 exemplify functional compartmentalization.
TL;DR: The current Marinovum study indicates a functional correlation of the intracellular fla2-chromid localization and the subcellular positioning of the flagellum that might represent a novel driving force for the emergence of multipartite genomes.
References
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The biofilm matrix
TL;DR: The functions, properties and constituents of the EPS matrix that make biofilms the most successful forms of life on earth are described.
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TL;DR: It is evident that biofilm formation is an ancient and integral component of the prokaryotic life cycle, and is a key factor for survival in diverse environments.
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Biofilm Formation as Microbial Development
TL;DR: The results reviewed in this article indicate that the formation of biofilms serves as a new model system for the study of microbial development.
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Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development
George A. O'Toole,Roberto Kolter +1 more
TL;DR: The isolation and characterization of mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 defective in the initiation of biofilm formation on an abiotic surface, polyvinylchloride (PVC) plastic are reported and evidence that microcolonies form by aggregation of cells present in the monolayer is presented.
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