Open AccessDOI
The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM-4: Model description and simulation of present-day climate
Erich Roeckner,Klaus Arpe,Lennart Bengtsson,M. Christoph,Martin Claussen,Lydia Dümenil,Monika Esch,Marco Giorgetta,Ulrich Schlese,Uwe Schulzweida +9 more
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TLDR
In this paper, a detailed description of the fourth generation ECHAM model is presented, which includes a semi-Lagrangian transport scheme for water vapour, cloud water and trace substances, a new radiation scheme (ECMWF) with modifications concerning the water vapor continuum, cloud optical properties and greenhouse gases.Abstract:
A detailed description of the fourth-generation ECHAM model is presented. Compared to the previous version, ECHAM3, a number of substantial changes have been introduced in both the numerics and physics of the model. These include a semi-Lagrangian transport scheme for water vapour, cloud water and trace substances, a new radiation scheme (ECMWF) with modifications concerning the water vapour continuum, cloud optical properties and greenhouse gases, a new formulation of the vertical diffusion coefficients as functions of turbulent kinetic energy, and a new closure for deep convection based on convective instability instead of moisture convergence. Minor changes concern the parameterizations of horizontal diffusion, stratiform clouds and land surface processes. Also, a new dataset of land surface parameters have been compiled for the new model. The climatology of the model, derived from two extended AMIP simulations at T42L19 resolution, is documented and compared with ECMWF operational analyses. Some of the biases noted for the previous model version remain virtually unchanged. For example, the polar upper troposphere and lower stratosphere is much too cold, and the zonal wind errors become very large above the 200 hPa level. Furthermore, the low-frequency variability is still too small but the errors are reduced by about 50% compared to ECHAM3.read more
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The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project
Gilbert P. Compo,Gilbert P. Compo,Jeffrey S. Whitaker,Prashant D. Sardeshmukh,Prashant D. Sardeshmukh,N. Matsui,N. Matsui,Rob Allan,Xiaojun Yin,Byron E. Gleason,Russell S. Vose,Glenn Rutledge,P. Bessemoulin,Stefan Brönnimann,Stefan Brönnimann,Manola Brunet,Manola Brunet,R. Crouthamel,Andrea Grant,Pavel Ya. Groisman,Pavel Ya. Groisman,Philip Jones,Michael C. Kruk,Andries Kruger,Gareth J. Marshall,Maurizio Maugeri,H. Mok,Øyvind Nordli,Tom Ross,Ricardo M. Trigo,Xiaolan L. Wang,Scott D. Woodruff,Steven J. Worley +32 more
TL;DR: The Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) dataset as discussed by the authors provides the first estimates of global tropospheric variability, and of the dataset's time-varying quality, from 1871 to the present at 6-hourly temporal and 2° spatial resolutions.
Journal ArticleDOI
Volcanic eruptions and climate
TL;DR: In this article, a new capability to predict the climatic response to a large tropical eruption for the succeeding 2 years will prove valuable to society, as well as to detect and attribute anthropogenic influences on climate, including effects of greenhouse gases, aerosols, and ozone-depleting chemicals.
Journal ArticleDOI
African climate change: 1900-2100
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a range of climate change scenarios for Africa, focusing on changes in both continental and regional seasonal-mean temperature and rainfall, and estimate the associated changes in global CO2 concentration and global mean sea-level change.
Journal ArticleDOI
Future extreme events in European climate: an exploration of regional climate model projections
Martin Beniston,David B. Stephenson,Ole Bøssing Christensen,Christopher A. T. Ferro,Christoph Frei,Stéphane Goyette,Kirsten Halsnæs,Tom Holt,Kirsti Jylhä,Brigitte Koffi,Jean Palutikof,Regina Schöll,Tido Semmler,Katja Woth +13 more
TL;DR: In this article, a variety of diagnostic methods are used to determine how heat waves, heavy precipitation, drought, wind storms, and storm surges change between present (1961-90) and future (2071-2100) climate on the basis of regional climate model simulations produced by the PRUDENCE project.
References
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Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems
George L. Mellor,Tetsuji Yamada +1 more
TL;DR: The second-moment turbulent closure hypothesis has been applied to geophysical fluid problems since 1973, when genuine predictive skill in coping with the effects of stratification was demonstrated as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Comprehensive Mass Flux Scheme for Cumulus Parameterization in Large-Scale Models
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple spectral cloud ensemble was proposed to provide realistic values of the thermal forcing by convection under various synoptic conditions, such as tropical penetrative convection, tradewind cumuli, and extratropical organized convection.
Journal ArticleDOI
A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the representation of vertical eddy fluxes of heat, momentum and water vapour in a forecast model is presented, and two tests are presented, using the scheme in a one-dimensional model: the simulation of the diurnal cycle and the transformation of a polar air mass moving over the warm sea.
Journal ArticleDOI
A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate
I. Colin Prentice,Wolfgang Cramer,Sandy P. Harrison,Rik Leemans,Robert A. Monserud,Allen M. Solomon +5 more
TL;DR: A model to predict global patterns in vegetation physiognomy was developed from physiological considera- tions influencing the distributions of different functional types of plant in a given environment, and selected the potentially dominant types from among them as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wind stress on a water surface
TL;DR: In this paper, the vertical distribution of horizontal mean wind in the lowest 8 metres over a reservoir (1·6 km × 1 km) has been measured using sensitive anemometers freely exposed from a fixed mast in water 16 m deep, the fetch being more than 1 km.
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