Journal ArticleDOI
The Fuel Mix Limits and Efficiency of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia, and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine
TLDR
In this paper, an overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia, and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia.Abstract:
An overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia, and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia. The engine was operated such that the combustion was knock-free with minimal roughness for all loads ranging from idle up to a maximum load in the supercharge regime. For a given load, speed, and compression ratio, there was a range of ratios of gasoline to ammonia for which knockfree, smooth firing was obtained. This range was investigated at its rough limit and also at its maximum brake torque (MBT) knock limit. If too much ammonia was used, then the engine fired with an excessive roughness. If too much gasoline was used, then knock-free combustion could not be obtained while the maximum brake torque spark timing was maintained. Stoichiometric operation on gasoline alone is also presented, for comparison. It was found that a significant fraction of the gasoline used in spark ignition engines could be replaced with ammonia. Operation on about 100% gasoline was required at idle. However, a fuel mix comprising 70% ammonia/30% gasoline on an energy basis could be used at normally aspirated, wide open throttle. Even greater ammonia to gasoline ratios were permitted for supercharged operation. The use of ammonia with gasoline allowed knock-free operation with MBT spark timing at higher compression ratios and higher loads than could be obtained with the use of gasoline alone. DOI: 10.1115/1.2898837read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Net-zero emissions energy systems
Steven J. Davis,Nathan S. Lewis,Matthew R. Shaner,Sonia Aggarwal,Douglas J. Arent,Douglas J. Arent,Inês Azevedo,Sally M. Benson,Thomas H. Bradley,Jack Brouwer,Yet-Ming Chiang,Christopher T. M. Clack,Armond Cohen,Stephen J. Doig,Jae Edmonds,Paul S. Fennell,Paul S. Fennell,Christopher B. Field,Bryan Hannegan,Bri-Mathias Hodge,Bri-Mathias Hodge,Bri-Mathias Hodge,Martin I. Hoffert,Eric Ingersoll,Paulina Jaramillo,Klaus S. Lackner,Katharine J. Mach,Michael D. Mastrandrea,Joan M. Ogden,Per F. Peterson,Daniel L. Sanchez,Daniel Sperling,Joseph Stagner,Jessika E. Trancik,Jessika E. Trancik,Chi Jen Yang,Ken Caldeira +36 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine barriers and opportunities associated with these difficult-to-decarbonize services and processes, including possible technological solutions and research and development priorities, and examine the use of existing technologies to meet future demands for these services without net addition of CO2 to the atmosphere.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ammonia for power
Agustin Valera-Medina,H Xiao,H Xiao,Martin Owen-Jones,William I. F. David,William I. F. David,Philip John Bowen +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors highlight previous influential studies and ongoing research to use this chemical as a viable energy vector for power applications, emphasizing the challenges that each of the reviewed technologies faces before implementation and commercial deployment is achieved at a larger scale.
Net-zero Emissions Energy Systems
Steven J. Davis,Nathan S. Lewis,Matthew R. Shaner,Sonia Aggarwal,Douglas J. Arent,Inês Azevedo,Sally M. Benson,Thomas H. Bradley,Jack Brouwer,Yet-Ming Chiang,Christopher T. M. Clack,Armond Cohen,Stephen J. Doig,Jae Edmonds,Paul S. Fennell,Christopher B. Field,Bryan Hannegan,Bri-Mathias Hodge,Martin I. Hoffert,Eric Ingersoll,Paulina Jaramillo,Klaus S. Lackner,Katharine J. Mach,Michael D. Mastrandrea,Joan M. Ogden,Per F. Peterson,Daniel L. Sanchez,Daniel Sperling,Joseph Stagner,Jessika E. Trancik,Chi Jen Yang,Ken Caldeira +31 more
TL;DR: The special challenges associated with an energy system that does not add any CO2 to the atmosphere (a net-zero emissions energy system) are reviewed and prominent technological opportunities and barriers for eliminating and/or managing emissions related to the difficult-to-decarbonize services are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Combustion and emissions characteristics of compression-ignition engine using dual ammonia-diesel fuel
Aaron J. Reiter,Song-Charng Kong +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the combustion and emissions characteristics of a compression-ignition engine using a dual-fuel approach with ammonia and diesel fuel, and the results indicated that exhaust ammonia emissions ranged from 1000 to 3000 PmV and further aftertreatment will be required due to health concerns.
Journal ArticleDOI
Review on ammonia as a potential fuel: from synthesis to economics
Agustin Valera-Medina,F. Amer-Hatem,Abul Kalam Azad,Irene C Dedoussi,M. de Joannon,Ravi Fernandes,Peter Glarborg,Hamid Hashemi,Xiaoyu He,Syed Mashruk,Jon G. McGowan,C. Mounaim-Rouselle,A. Ortiz-Prado,A. Ortiz-Valera,Ilenia Rossetti,Bo Shu,M. A. Yehia,Hua Xiao,Mário Costa +18 more
TL;DR: Ammonia has been considered as a candidate to power transport, produce energy, and support heating applications for decades, however, the particular characteristics of the molecule always made it a chemical with low, if any, benefit once compared to conventional fossil fuels as discussed by the authors.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Ammonia combustion properties and performance in gas-turbine burners
TL;DR: In this paper, the minimum ignition energy, quenching distance, flame-stability limits, and gas-turbine-burner performance of ammonia-air mixtures were determined.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Enhanced ignition for i.c. engines with premixed charge
J. D. Dale,A. K. Oppenheim +1 more
TL;DR: Dale and Oppenheim as mentioned in this paper presented at the Society of Automotive Engineers Annual Congress, Detroit, MI, February 1981 ENHANCEDIGNITION FOR I.C.ENGINES with PREMIXED CHARGE J.D.
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