The vagal innervation of the gut and immune homeostasis
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TLDR
The current understanding concerning the mechanisms and effects involved in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the gastrointestinal tract is discussed, leading to the identification of new therapeutic targets to treat intestinal immune disease.Abstract:
The central nervous system interacts dynamically with the immune system to modulate inflammation through humoral and neural pathways. Recently, in animal models of sepsis, the vagus nerve (VN) has been proposed to play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune response, also referred to as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. The VN, through release of acetylcholine, dampens immune cell activation by interacting with α-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Recent evidence suggests that the vagal innervation of the gastrointestinal tract also plays a major role controlling intestinal immune activation. Indeed, VN electrical stimulation potently reduces intestinal inflammation restoring intestinal homeostasis, whereas vagotomy has the reverse effect. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding concerning the mechanisms and effects involved in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the gastrointestinal tract. Deeper investigation on this counter-regulatory neuroimmune mechanism will provide new insights in the cross-talk between the nervous and immune system leading to the identification of new therapeutic targets to treat intestinal immune disease.read more
Citations
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Autonomic Nervous System and Immune System Interactions
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin
Lyudmila V. Borovikova,Svetlana Ivanova,Minghuang Zhang,Huan Yang,Galina I. Botchkina,Linda R. Watkins,Haichao Wang,Naji N. Abumrad,John W. Eaton,Kevin J. Tracey +9 more
TL;DR: Direct electrical stimulation of the peripheral vagus nerve in vivo during lethal endotoxaemia in rats inhibited TNF synthesis in liver, attenuated peak serum TNF amounts, and prevented the development of shock.
Journal ArticleDOI
The inflammatory reflex
TL;DR: The discovery that cholinergic neurons inhibit acute inflammation has qualitatively expanded understanding of how the nervous system modulates immune responses, and the opportunity now exists to apply this insight to the treatment of inflammation through selective and reversible 'hard-wired' neural systems.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation.
Hong Wang,Man Yu,Mahendar Ochani,C A Amella,Mahira Tanovic,Seenu Susarla,Jianhua Li,Haichao Wang,Huan Yang,Luis Ulloa,Yousef Al-Abed,Christopher J. Czura,Kevin J. Tracey +12 more
TL;DR: It is reported that the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α7 subunit is essential for inhibiting cytokine synthesis by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway.
Journal ArticleDOI
Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit.
Mauricio Rosas-Ballina,Peder S. Olofsson,Mahendar Ochani,Sergio I. Valdés-Ferrer,Yaakov A. Levine,Colin Reardon,Michael W. Tusche,Valentin A. Pavlov,Ulf Andersson,Sangeeta S. Chavan,Tak W. Mak,Kevin J. Tracey +11 more
TL;DR: This work has identified an acetylcholine-producing, memory phenotype T cell population in mice that is integral to the inflammatory reflex, and action potentials originating in the vagus nerve regulate T cells, which in turn produce the neurotransmitters required to control innate immune responses.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reflex control of immunity.
TL;DR: It might be possible to develop therapeutics that target neural networks for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, that modulate immune responses and the progression of inflammatory diseases.