Journal ArticleDOI
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Anastasia Katsarou,Soffia Gudbjörnsdottir,Araz Rawshani,Dana Dabelea,Ezio Bonifacio,Barbara J. Anderson,Laura M. Jacobsen,Desmond A. Schatz,Åke Lernmark +8 more
- Vol. 3, Iss: 1, pp 17016-17016
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TLDR
A cure is not available, and patients depend on lifelong insulin injections; novel approaches to insulin treatment, such as insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed-loop systems, are in development.Abstract:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), also known as autoimmune diabetes, is a chronic disease characterized by insulin deficiency due to pancreatic β-cell loss and leads to hyperglycaemia. Although the age of symptomatic onset is usually during childhood or adolescence, symptoms can sometimes develop much later. Although the aetiology of T1DM is not completely understood, the pathogenesis of the disease is thought to involve T cell-mediated destruction of β-cells. Islet-targeting autoantibodies that target insulin, 65 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylase, insulinoma-associated protein 2 and zinc transporter 8 - all of which are proteins associated with secretory granules in β-cells - are biomarkers of T1DM-associated autoimmunity that are found months to years before symptom onset, and can be used to identify and study individuals who are at risk of developing T1DM. The type of autoantibody that appears first depends on the environmental trigger and on genetic factors. The pathogenesis of T1DM can be divided into three stages depending on the absence or presence of hyperglycaemia and hyperglycaemia-associated symptoms (such as polyuria and thirst). A cure is not available, and patients depend on lifelong insulin injections; novel approaches to insulin treatment, such as insulin pumps, continuous glucose monitoring and hybrid closed-loop systems, are in development. Although intensive glycaemic control has reduced the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications, the majority of patients with T1DM are still developing these complications. Major research efforts are needed to achieve early diagnosis, prevent β-cell loss and develop better treatment options to improve the quality of life and prognosis of those affected.read more
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The human gut microbiome in early-onset type 1 diabetes from the TEDDY study
Tommi Vatanen,Eric A. Franzosa,Eric A. Franzosa,Randall Schwager,Surya Tripathi,Timothy D. Arthur,Kendra Vehik,Åke Lernmark,William Hagopian,Marian Rewers,Jin-Xiong She,Jorma Toppari,Jorma Toppari,Anette-G. Ziegler,Beena Akolkar,Jeffrey P. Krischer,Christopher J. Stewart,Christopher J. Stewart,Nadim J. Ajami,Joseph F. Petrosino,Dirk Gevers,Dirk Gevers,Harri Lähdesmäki,Hera Vlamakis,Curtis Huttenhower,Curtis Huttenhower,Ramnik J. Xavier,Ramnik J. Xavier,Ramnik J. Xavier +28 more
TL;DR: An analysis of more than 10,000 metagenomes from the TEDDY study provides a detailed functional profile of the gut microbiome in relation to islet autoimmunity, and supports the protective effects of short-chain fatty acids in early-onset type 1 diabetes.
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Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
TL;DR: The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dys-function, and failure of differentorgans, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
Journal ArticleDOI
Standards of medical care in diabetes.
TL;DR: I would like to take issue with the use of the phrase “standards of medical care in diabetes,” which is used to describe diabetes care standards, in the recently updated and circulatedADA 2006 Clinical Practice Recommendations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes.
Bernard Zinman,Christoph Wanner,John M. Lachin,David Fitchett,Erich Bluhmki,Stefan Hantel,Michaela Mattheus,Theresa Devins,Odd Erik Johansen,Hans-Juergen Woerle,Uli C. Broedl,Silvio E. Inzucchi +11 more
TL;DR: Patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk for cardiovascular events who received empagliflozin, as compared with placebo, had a lower rate of the primary composite cardiovascular outcome and of death from any cause when the study drug was added to standard care.