Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function
TLDR
Molecular mechanisms underlying the development of a pro-inflammatory phenotype during zinc deficiency are reported, and links between altered zinc homeostasis and disease development are described, ensuring the benefits of zinc supplementation for a malfunctioning immune system become clear.Abstract:
After the discovery of zinc deficiency in the 1960s, it soon became clear that zinc is essential for the function of the immune system. Zinc ions are involved in regulating intracellular signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells. Zinc homeostasis is largely controlled via the expression and action of zinc “importers” (ZIP 1–14), zinc “exporters” (ZnT 1–10), and zinc-binding proteins. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of zinc have long been documented, however, underlying mechanisms are still not entirely clear. Here, we report molecular mechanisms underlying the development of a pro-inflammatory phenotype during zinc deficiency. Furthermore, we describe links between altered zinc homeostasis and disease development. Consequently, the benefits of zinc supplementation for a malfunctioning immune system become clear. This article will focus on underlying mechanisms responsible for the regulation of cellular signaling by alterations in zinc homeostasis. Effects of fast zinc flux, intermediate “zinc waves”, and late homeostatic zinc signals will be discriminated. Description of zinc homeostasis-related effects on the activation of key signaling molecules, as well as on epigenetic modifications, are included to emphasize the role of zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function.read more
Citations
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Zinc and respiratory tract infections: Perspectives for COVID19 (Review).
Anatoly V. Skalny,Lothar Rink,Olga P. Ajsuvakova,Michael Aschner,Viktor A. Gritsenko,Svetlana I. Alekseenko,Andrey A. Svistunov,Demetrios Petrakis,Demetrios A. Spandidos,Jan Aaseth,Aristidis Tsatsakis,Alexey A. Tinkov +11 more
TL;DR: Signs suggest that zinc status may possess protective effect as preventive and adjuvant therapy of COVID-19 through reducing inflammation, improvement of mucociliary clearance, prevention of ventilator-induced lung injury, modulation of antiviral and antibacterial immunity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nutritional Modulation of Immune Function: Analysis of Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Relevance
TL;DR: This review will examine the data representing the research on prominent intervention agents n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, micronutrients, and functional foods including probiotics and tea components for their immunological effects, working mechanisms, and clinical relevance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19.
TL;DR: It would seem prudent for individuals to consume sufficient amounts of essential nutrients to support their immune system to help them deal with pathogens should they become infected.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Potential Impact of Zinc Supplementation on COVID-19 Pathogenesis.
TL;DR: The potential of zinc as preventive and therapeutic agent alone or in combination with other strategies, as zinc meets all the above described criteria is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota-Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease.
Cielo García-Montero,Oscar Fraile-Martínez,Ana M Gómez-Lahoz,Leonel Pekarek,Alejandro J. Castellanos,Fernando Noguerales-Fraguas,Santiago Coca,Santiago Coca,Luis G. Guijarro,Natalio García-Honduvilla,Natalio García-Honduvilla,Ángel Asúnsolo,Ángel Asúnsolo,Lara Sanchez-Trujillo,Lara Sanchez-Trujillo,Guillermo Lahera,Guillermo Lahera,Julia Buján,Julia Buján,Jorge Monserrat,Jorge Monserrat,Melchor Alvarez-Mon,Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon,Miguel A Ortega +23 more
TL;DR: In this article, the regulatory role of nutritional components of WD and MD in the gut microbiota and immune system interplay, in order to understand, and create awareness of, the influence of diet over both key components.
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