Why chloroplasts and mitochondria contain genomes.
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The proposal advanced here is that co-location of chloroplast and mitochondrial genes with their gene products is required for rapid and direct regulatory coupling, and redox control of gene expression is suggested as the common feature of those chloroplasts and mitochondrial proteins that are encoded in situ.Abstract:
Chloroplasts and mitochondria originated as bacterial symbionts. The larger, host cells acquired genetic information from their prokaryotic guests by lateral gene transfer. The prokaryotically-derived genes of the eukaryotic cell nucleus now function to encode the great majority of chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins, as well as many proteins of the nucleus and cytosol. Genes are copied and moved between cellular compartments with relative ease, and there is no established obstacle to successful import of any protein precursor from the cytosol. Yet chloroplasts and mitochondria have not abdicated all genes and gene expression to the nucleus and to cytosolic translation. What, then, do chloroplast- and mitochondrially-encoded proteins have in common that confers a selective advantage on the cytoplasmic location of their genes? The proposal advanced here is that co-location of chloroplast and mitochondrial genes with their gene products is required for rapid and direct regulatory coupling. Redox control of gene expression is suggested as the common feature of those chloroplast and mitochondrial proteins that are encoded in situ. Recent evidence is consistent with this hypothesis, and its underlying assumptions and predictions are described.read more
Citations
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Better the devil you know? Guidelines for insightful utilization of nrDNA ITS in species-level evolutionary studies in plants
TL;DR: It is here argued that ITS sequences, despite drawbacks, can still produce insightful results in species-level phylogenetic studies or when non-anonymous nuclear markers are required, provided that a thoughtful use of them is made.
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Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging
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DNA Transfer from Organelles to the Nucleus: The Idiosyncratic Genetics of Endosymbiosis
TL;DR: Intercompartmental DNA transfer represents a significant driving force for gene and genome evolution, relocating and refashioning genes and contributing to genetic diversity.
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Genomics and chloroplast evolution: what did cyanobacteria do for plants?
John A. Raven,John F. Allen +1 more
TL;DR: The complete genome sequences of cyanobacteria and of the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana leave no doubt that the plant chloroplast originated, through endosymbiosis, from a cyanobacterium, but the genomic legacy of Cyanobacterial ancestry extends far beyond the chloropleft itself, and persists in organisms that have lost chloroplasts completely.
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A structural phylogenetic map for chloroplast photosynthesis
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors outline maps of four energy-transducing thylakoid membranes for land plants and red and green algae, and find no defining structural feature that is common to all chloroplast gene products.
References
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TL;DR: Molecular phylogeneticists will have failed to find the “true tree,” not because their methods are inadequate or because they have chosen the wrong genes, but because the history of life cannot properly be represented as a tree.
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Journal Article
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M. W. Gray,G. Burger,B. F. Lang +2 more
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TL;DR: The process of gene loss from chloroplast genomes across the inferred tree is mapped and it is found that independent parallel gene losses in multiple lineages outnumber phylogenetically unique losses by more than 4:1.