Showing papers on "Campesterol published in 2009"

Effects of a phytosterol-enriched dairy product on lipids, sterols and 8-isoprostane in hypercholesterolemic patients : A multicenter Italian study

Abstract: Background and aims Plant sterols, added to several food sources, lower serum cholesterol concentrations. Plant sterol-induced cholesterol lowering is paralleled by a mild decrease in plasma levels of the antioxidant β-carotene, the amount of this decrease being considered clinically non-significant. Whether the effect on lipid profile of daily consumption of plant sterol-enriched low-fat fermented milk (FM) is paralleled by a concomitant variation in a reliable marker of the oxidative burden like plasma isoprostane levels is unresolved. Methods and results The effect of plant sterol consumption on plasma lipid and isoprostane levels of hypercholesterolemic patients was evaluated in a multicenter, randomized double blind study. Hypercholesterolemic patients consumed a FM daily for 6 weeks. Subjects were randomized to receive either 1.6 g of plant sterol-enriched FM (n = 60) or control FM product (n = 56). After 6 weeks of plant sterol-enriched FM consumption, LDL cholesterol was reduced from 166.2 ± 2.0 to 147.4 ± 2.8 mg/dL (p = 0.01). A significant reduction was observed for total cholesterol (from 263.5 ± 2.6 to 231.0 ± 3.2 mg/dL, p = 0.01). There was greater LDL cholesterol lowering among hypercholesterolemic patients with higher LDL cholesterol at baseline. We found a reduction of plasma 8-isoprostane in patients taking plant sterol-enriched FM (from 43.07 ± 1.78 to 38.04 ± 1.14 pg/ml, p = 0.018) but not in patients taking the control product (from 42.56 ± 2.12 to 43.19 ± 2.0 pg/ml, p = NS). Campesterol and β-sitosterol levels were not influenced by phytosterol consumption. Conclusions Daily consumption of low-fat plant sterol dairy product favourably changes lipid profile by reducing LDL-cholesterol, and may also have an anti-oxidative effect through a reduction of plasma isoprostanes.

Nutritional traits of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) seeds from plants chronically exposed to ozone pollution.

Abstract: The effect of chronic exposure to ozone pollution on nutritional traits of bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Borlotto Nano Lingua di Fuoco) seeds from plants grown in filtered and nonfiltered open-top chambers (OTCs) has been investigated. Results showed that, among seed macronutrients, ozone significantly raised total lipids, crude proteins, and dietary fiber and slightly decreased total free amino acid content, although with a significant reduction of asparagine, lysine, valine, methionine, and glycine, compensated by a conspicuous augmentation of ornithine and tryptophan. Phytosterol analysis showed a marked increase of beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol in seeds collected from nonfiltered OTCs. With regard to secondary metabolites, ozone exposure induced a slight increase of total polyphenol content, although causing a significant reduction of some flavonols (aglycone kaempferol and its 3-glucoside derivative) and hydroxycinnamates (caffeic, p-coumaric, and sinapic acids). Total anthocyanins decreased significantly, too. Nevertheless, ozone-exposed seeds showed higher antioxidant activity, with higher Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values than those measured in seeds collected from filtered air.

Stearate-Enriched Plant Sterol Esters Lower Serum LDL Cholesterol Concentration in Normo- and Hypercholesterolemic Adults

Abstract: Studies in our laboratory have previously demonstrated in hamsters a superior cholesterol-lowering ability of plant sterol (PS) esters enriched in stearate compared with linoleate. We therefore conducted a randomized, double-blind, 2-group parallel, placebo-controlled study to test the cholesterol-lowering properties of stearate-enriched PS esters in normo- and hypercholesterolemic adults. Thirty-two adults, 16 per group with equal number of males and females in each group, participated in the 4-wk study. Participants consumed 3 g/d (1 g three times per day with meals) of either PS esters or placebo delivered in capsules. Serum LDL cholesterol concentration significantly decreased 0.42 mmol/L (11%) and the LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio decreased 10% with PS ester supplementation, whereas LDL particle size and lipoprotein subclass particle concentrations (as measured by NMR) were not affected. The percent change in LDL cholesterol was positively correlated with baseline lathosterol concentration (r = 0.729; P = 0.0014), indicating an association between the magnitude of LDL change and the rate of whole-body cholesterol synthesis. Serum campesterol (but not sitosterol) concentration significantly increased in the PS ester group. Serum tocopherol, retinol, andb-carotene concentrations were not affected by PS ester supplementation. Thus, our findings demonstrate the usefulness of a novel stearate-enriched PS ester compound in decreasing LDL cholesterol in both normo- and hypercholesterolemic adults. The extent to which PS ester fatty acid composition affects intestinal micelle formation and cholesterol absorption in humans requires further study. J. Nutr. 139: 1445‐1450, 2009.

Effects of endurance exercise training on markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis.

Abstract: Abnormal cholesterol metabolism, including low intestinal cholesterol absorption and elevated synthesis, is prevalent in diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. Diet-induced weight loss improves cholesterol absorption in these populations, but it is not known if endurance exercise training also improves cholesterol homeostasis. To examine this, we measured circulating levels of campesterol, sitosterol, and lathosterol in 65 sedentary subjects (average age 59 years; with at least one metabolic syndrome risk factor) before and after 6 months of endurance exercise training. Campesterol and sitosterol are plant sterols that correlate with intestinal cholesterol absorption, while lathosterol is a marker of whole body cholesterol synthesis. Following the intervention, plant sterol levels were increased by 10 % (p<0.05), but there was no change in plasma lathosterol. In addition, total and LDL-cholesterol were reduced by 0.16 mmol and 0.10 mmol, respectively (p<0.05), while HDL-C levels increased by 0.09 mmol (p<0.05). Furthermore, the change in plant sterols was positively correlated with the change in VO 2 max (r = 0.310, p=0.004), independent of other metabolic syndrome risk factors. These data indicate that exercise training reduces plasma cholesterol despite increasing cholesterol absorption in subjects with metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Comparable Efficacy of Hydrogenated versus Nonhydrogenated Plant Sterol Esters on Circulating Cholesterol Levels in Humans

Abstract: A recent study in The Netherlands compared the effects of margarine enriched with different vegetable oil sterols with margarine containing sitostanol-ester on plasma total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations. Margarine with sterolesters from soybean oil (mainly esters from sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol) was as effective as a margarine with sitostanol-ester in lowering blood total and LDL cholesterol levels without affecting HDL cholesterol levels.

Cholesterol metabolism in active Crohn's disease.

Abstract: Hypocholesterolemia has been investigated as a typical feature of critical illness and is connected with poor prognosis. Crohn's disease is an inflammatory process and is associated with several metabolic disturbances. In recent decades clinical studies have established a link between lipid metabolism and systemic inflammation. In our study we examined the serum profile of cholesterol (total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol) and changes in the cholesterol absorption/synthesis process by determination of plasma non-cholesterol sterol (squalene, lathosterol, campesterol, sitosterol) concentrations. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols were evaluated in 24 patients with active Crohn's disease during a period of 28 days. We detected lower serum levels of total cholesterol (P < 0.001), LDL- and HDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05) in the patients with active Crohn's disease than in the control group. In addition, the patients had significantly lower plasma levels of lathosterol (P < 0.001) and higher concentrations of squalene, although without significant differences. A significant decrease of campesterol plasma levels (P < 0.001) was detected, but lower plasma concentrations of sitosterol were without statistical significance. The active phase of Crohn's disease is characterized by altered metabolism of lipids, mainly of cholesterol. Our results show abnormalities in plasma concentrations of non-cholesterol sterols and provide evidence that the process of cholesterol synthesis and absorption is altered in active Crohn's disease.

Non-cholesterol sterols in different forms of primary hyperlipemias.

Abstract: Background and Aims We investigated the behaviour of non-cholesterol sterols, surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol and sitosterol) and synthesis (lathosterol), in primary hyperlipemias. Methods and results We studied 53 patients with polygenic hypercholesterolemia (PH), 38 patients with familial combined hyperlipemia (FCH), and 19 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. In all participants, plasma sitosterol, campesterol and lathosterol were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. To correct for the effect of plasma lipid levels, non-cholesterol sterol concentrations were adjusted for plasma cholesterol (10 2 μmol/mmol cholesterol). Patients with FCH were more frequently men, and had higher body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR. Lathosterol was higher in FCH than in pH or controls ( p p p p Conclusions Our findings suggest the occurrence of an increased cholesterol synthesis in FCH, and an increased cholesterol absorption in pH. Markers of cholesterol synthesis cluster with clinical and laboratory markers of obesity and insulin resistance.

Bioactive lipids and antioxidant properties of wild Egyptian Pulicaria incise, Diplotaxis harra, and Avicennia marina

Abstract: Fatty acids, sterols and tocopherols profile of Pulicaria incise,Diplotaxis harra and Avicennia marina grown wild in Egypt were investigated. Linoleic acid followed by palmitic and oleic acids were the major fatty acids in P. incise. Oleic followed by stearic were the main acids in D. harra, while palmitic followed by oleic were the major fatty acids found in A. marina. Sterol markers of P. incise were campesterol followed by stigmasterol and β-sitosterol. In D. harra β-sitosterol followed by stigmasterol and ∆5-avensterol were the major sterols, while campesterol followed by β-sitosterol and ∆7-avensterol were main sterols of A. marina. Tocopherols were also estimated in high levels, wherein δ-tocopherol was the main tocopherol in all plants. Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts of the plants were compared with methanolic solution of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid during thiocyanate assay. Moreover, methanolic extracts of the whole plants exhibited strong antiradical potential against DPPH radicals. Information provided by the present study is of importance for further investigations of P. incise,D. harra and A. marina and utilization of these plants as a raw material of bioactive compounds.

Phytosterols in 17 Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars.

Abstract: The phytosterol contents of the oils from 17 Turkish hazelnut cultivars were determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The total phytosterol content varied from 1180.4 (Uzunmusa-Ordu) to 2239.4 mg/kg (Cavcava), and the average was 1581.6 ± 265.1 mg/kg. One of the most significant commercial cultivars, Tombul, contained quite low total phytosterols (1297.7 mg/kg). Total and individual phytosterol contents of hazelnut cultivars were significantly different at p <0.01, except for phytostanol and campestanol. The main component was β-sitosterol which ranged from 82.8 to 86.7% in all cultivars. This was followed by campesterol, Δ5-avenasterol, sitostanol and stigmasterol. Interestingly, the same cultivars from different regions showed similar total phytosterol contents, and fall almost within the same range according to Duncan's test, which may indicate that the phytosterol content is highly related to the cultivar.

Sterol composition of rapeseed varieties introduced in Bulgaria.

Abstract: MAREKOV, I., B. DAMYANOVA, S. MOMCHILOVA, M. ZLATANOV, G. ANTOVA, M. ANGELOVAROMOVA and T. NENKOVA, 2009. Sterol composition of rapeseed varieties introduced in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 15: 119-122 The composition of glyceride oils isolated from the seeds of 6 rapeseed varieties introduced in Bulgaria was investigated focusing on the biologically active substances: sterols and sterol esters. Sterols in the glyceride oils were found to be totally 3 g.kg-1 including 2 g.kg-1 free sterols and 1 g.kg-1 esterified sterols. β-Sitosterol predominated in both free and esterified sterols, being respectively 658–790 g.kg-1 and 471–700 g.kg-1, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. Oleic acid (609–768 g.kg-1) was the main component among the fatty acids of the sterol esters, followed by palmitic acid (72–144 g.kg-1).

Twenty-one year tracking of serum non-cholesterol sterols. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study.

Abstract: Background and aim To show tracking of cholesterol metabolism, the ratios to cholesterol of e.g. serum cholestenol, desmosterol, and lathosterol, reflecting cholesterol synthesis, and cholestanol, campesterol, avenasterol and sitosterol, reflecting cholesterol absorption, were measured 21years apart. Methods and results In random population samples initially comprising 12- ( n =162), 15- ( n =158), and 18-year-old ( n =148) males participating in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, serum sterols and squalene were measured with gas–liquid chromatography in 1980 and 2001. Quartiles of cholestanol, indicating low to high cholesterol absorption, were defined from the cholestanol values in 1980. Serum cholesterol increased in the oldest age group only, but synthesis markers (except desmosterol) increased in all age groups after the follow-up (e.g. lathosterol, total population +47.3±2.6% (SE), P P P r =0.460, cholestanol 1980 vs. 2001 r =0.593, P P Conclusions Cholesterol metabolism is significantly tracked in adolescent males over the follow-up of 21years. Thus, high cholesterol synthesis and low absorption characterize subjects with the lowest cholestanol quartile, while those with the highest quartile have low synthesis and high absorption in both adolescence and later in young adult life.

Effect of rapeseed oil-derived plant sterol and stanol esters on atherosclerosis parameters in cholesterol-challenged heterozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbits.

Abstract: Rapeseed oil (RSO) is a novel source of plant sterols, containing the unique brassicasterol in concentrations higher than allowed for plant sterol blends in food products in the European Union. Effects of RSO sterols and stanols on aortic atherosclerosis were studied in cholesterol-fed heterozygous Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic (Hh-WHHL) rabbits. Four groups (n 18 per group) received a cholesterol-added (2 g/kg) standard chow or this diet with added RSO stanol esters (17 g/kg), RSO stanol esters (34 g/kg) or RSO sterol esters (34 g/kg) for 18 weeks. Feeding RSO stanol esters increased plasma campestanol (P < 0.001) and sitostanol (P < 0.001) and aortic campestanol (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Feeding RSO sterol esters increased concentrations of plasma campesterol (P < 0.001), sitosterol (P < 0.001) and brassicasterol (P < 0.001) and aortic campesterol (P < 0.01). Significantly lower plasma cholesterol (P < 0.001) was recorded in the treated groups after 3 weeks and throughout the study. LDL-cholesterol was reduced 50 % in the high-dose RSO sterol ester (P < 0.01) and high-dose RSO stanol ester (P < 0.001) groups compared with controls. Atherosclerotic lesions were found in three rabbits in each of the RSO stanol ester groups and in one in the RSO sterol ester group. Aortic cholesterol was decreased in the treated groups (P < 0.001) in response to lowering of plasma cholesterol induced by RSO sterol and stanol esters. In conclusion, RSO stanol and sterol esters with a high concentration of brassicasterol were well tolerated. They were hypocholesterolaemic and inhibited experimental atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed Hh-WHHL rabbits. A significant uptake of plant sterols into the blood and incorporation of campesterol and campestanol into aortic tissue was recorded.

[Lipid composition of marine shellfish berbigão Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) raw and cooked].

Abstract: The berbigao Anomalocardia brasiliana is a marine shellfish which is commoning consumed in the coastal region of Santa Catarina. However, there are limited available data on the composition of their fatty acids and sterols. The objetive of this study was to determine the lipid composition of the berbigao from Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Pirajubae (REMAPI), Florianopolis/SC, Brasil, during the autumn and spring. The total lipid content was 1.21g% and 0.72g% in the autumn and spring, respectively. Several fatty acids were identified and quantified, including 20 fatty acids, 6 saturated (14:0, 15:0, 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 20:0), 4 monounsaturated (16:1, 17:1, 18:1, 20:1) and 10 polyunsaturated (18:2, 18:3, 18:4, 20:2, 20:3, 20:4, 20:5, 22:4, 22:5, 22:6). There was a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in total than saturated and monounsaturated, regardless of season: 40.7% of polyunsaturated, 30.8% of saturated, 17.2% of monounsaturated in the autumn and 39.7% of polyunsaturated, 27.7% of saturated, 13.7% of monounsaturated in the spring. The cholesterol corresponded to a value of 94.38 mg% in the autumn and 76.75 mg% in the spring. Among the sterols were found campesterol, estigmasterol and beta-sitosterol, but in lower quantities than cholesterol. These results showed that the berbigao was not a significant source of lipids, revealing low levels of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Berbigao is recommended for daily consumption as part of a healthy diet due to it is safe levels of fats and cholesterol.

Further Lipid Profiling of the Oil from the Mophane Caterpillar, Imbrasia belina

Abstract: A comprehensive lipid profiling of the oil from the edible mophane caterpillar, Imbrasia belina, has been carried out as part of the study of the nutritional value of the caterpillar. GC-MS analysis revealed the composition of the major FA classes as 18:3 (29.98%), 16:0 (25.64%), 18:1 (17.97%), 18:0 (12.49%) and 18:2 (11.81%), which was in agreement with reported GC-FID analysis of the phane oil. ESI-FTICR mass spectrometric analysis showed phane oil to contain 20 TAG classes, with C54:4 (14.59%), C52:3 (14.71%) and C52:2 (10.49%) being the dominant classes, whilst 13C-NMR studies of the TAGs regiochemistry showed that occupancy of the sn-2 position was dominated by linolenyl and linoleoyl groups whereas the sn-1/3 positions were dominated by saturated groups. Normal-phase HPLC analysis of the unsaponifiable matter showed the presence of α-tocopherol (71.39 μg/g) and γ-tocopherol (1.66 μg/g) as the only tocol content in phane oil. GC-MS analysis of the total acetylated unsaponifiable matter gave the relative composition of the major sterols as cholesterol (53.77%), β-sitosterol (24.16%), 22-dehydrocholesterol (14.58%) and campesterol (6.26%), whilst GC-MS analysis of an SPE pre-fractionated unsaponifiable matter gave the absolute 4-desmethylsterol content (μg/g) as cholesterol (4482.44), β-sitosterol (1861.95), 22-dehydrocholesterol (1274.53), campesterol (503.83) and stigmasterol (21.78). Perhaps the adverse effect of such high dietary cholesterol content on humans could be mitigated by the presence of the substantial amounts of β-sitosterol and campesterol which are known to be blood plasma cholesterol lowering phytosterols.

Content of Phytosterol composition of Pholiota spp.

Abstract: To elucidate the composition of phytosterols in the fruit body of Pholiota spp. 6 species(P. adiposa, P. aurivella, P. highlandensis, P. nameko, P. squarrosa and Pholiota sp.) were analyzed with Gas chromatography(GC). Pholiota spp. were contained campesterol, stigmasterol, and -sitosterol as the major phytosterols.

Analysis of phytosterol contents in food plant materials and Chinese traditional medicines

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To analyze the phytosterol content in food plant materials and Chinese traditional herbal medicines commonly used in China. METHODS 18 kinds of food plant materials and 32 kinds of Chinese traditional herbal medicines, which were commonly used in functional food, were chosen as samples. The contents of beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, beta-sitostanol were analyzed by GC methods and the percent of each ingredient were calculated. RESULTS The contents of phytosterols in 18 kinds of food plant materials were from 14.8 mg/100 g to 208.3 mg/100 g, while the content of phytosterols in 32 Chinese traditional herbal medicines were from 9.4 mg/100 g to 280.3 mg/100 g. In most samples, beta-sitosterol is the largest part of total phytosterol. CONCLUSION Phytosterols were existed in 50 kinds of food plant materials and Chinese traditional herbal medicines commonly used in functional food, maybe phytosterol is an important functional ingredient in some plant materials.

Phytosterol-enriched foods: role in lowering serum cholesterol level, community authorising and conditions of marketing.

Abstract: Phytosterols are isoprene compounds that may be found in a great variety of different food products. Most important phytosterol compounds are β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Plant sources of phytosterols are oily seeds, nuts, plant oils, grains, and pulses. Many controlled clinical studies have demonstrated their ability to reduce blood cholesterol levels in hyper- and normocholesterolaemic subjects. Investigators report that phytosterol intakes of 2 to 3 g/day reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by about 7 to 11% in human subjects, while LDL and TG levels show no change. Phytosterol intake higher than 3 g daily results in no greater decrease of LDL level, but even the consumption of 8.6 g/day has no detrimental effect on human health. Documented side effect of elevated phytosterol intake is the reduced level of certain carotenoids in sera but this effect can be balanced by increased consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids. Subjects having heredita...

[Foods fortified with phytosterins: their role in decreasing serum cholesterol level, their European Community authorization and requirements for placing them on the market].

Abstract: Phytosterols are isoprene compounds that may be found in a great variety of different food products. The most important phytosterol compounds are beta-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. Plant sources of phytosterols are oily seeds, nuts, plant oils, grains, and pulses. Many controlled clinical studies have demonstrated their ability to reduce blood cholesterol levels in hyper- and normo-cholesterolaemic subjects. Investigators report that phytosterol intakes of 2 to 3 g/d reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by about 7-11% in human subjects, while LDL and TG levels do not change. Phytosterol intake higher than 3 g daily does not result in higher decrease of LDL level, but about consumption of 8.6 g per day does not have any detrimental effect on human health. A documented side effect of elevated phytosterol intake is the reduced level of certain carotenoids in sera but this effect can be balanced by increased consumption of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids. Subjects having hereditary sitosterolemia are highly advised to refrain from consuming foods supplemented with phytosterols. While dietary intake of phytosterols is too low to achieve significant reduce of cholesterol level, based on the Community legislation of 258/97/EC regulation related to novel foods and novel food ingredients, the European Union authorized to use phytosterols in certain food products at a concentration which resulted in a daily phytosterol intake less than 3 g. A European survey of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) shows that only 10-15% of the population consume foods supplemented with phytosterols, and phytosterol intake is less than the effective dose. Based on this survey it is supposed that the risk of phytosterols overdose is low. EFSA also stated that--based on the relevant scientific information--regular intake of foods supplemented with phytosterols/phytostanols is in significant correlation with reduced serum cholesterol level. Based on this statement, authorized foods supplemented with phytosterols will be the first food group legally having health claim for reduced risk of disease since the new Community legislation on nutritional and health claim on foods 1924/2006/EC exists. Consumers will have a scientifically substantiated health claim on the label of these foods: "Plant sterols/stanols have been shown to lower/reduce blood cholesterol. Blood cholesterol lowering may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease."

Determination of Serum Squalene and 5 Non-cholesterol Sterols by Gas Chromatography

Abstract: Objective: To establish a method for simultaneous determination of squalene and 5 non-cholesterol sterols,such as desmosterol,lathosterol,campesterol,stigmasterol and sitosterol,in serum by GC-FID,and to provide a tool for detection of individual difference in cholesterol metabolism.Methods: Serum samples were treated with alcoholic alkaline,and then extracted with n-hexane,derivatized with silylating reagent.1 μL of sample was injected into a GC equipped with a flame ionization detector using a 30 m capil-lary column.Injector and detector temperatures were both set at 290 ℃.A multi-ramp oven temperature program was used.The initial temperature was 150 ℃,and held for 3 min,and then increased to 250 ℃ at a rate of 30 ℃/min,then 5 ℃/min to 280 ℃,held for 30min.Results: The detection limits of those compounds were 0.011 mg/dL with squalene,0.0058 mg/dL with desmosterol,0.018mg/dL with lathosterol,0.0089 mg/dL with campesterol,0.047mg/dL with stigmasterol,and 0.018 mg/dL with sitosterol.Recovery of squalene and 5 non-cholesterol sterols were all between 95% and 102%.Relative standard deviations(RSD) of intra-day was between 0.98% and 2.71%(n=5),and the inter-day RSD between 1.26 % and 5.83 %(n=5).Conclusions: The test condition was optimized for good relationship be-tween the 6 compounds concentrations and instrument response.The GC method has good accuracy and precision in the determination of squalene and 5 non-cholesterol sterols.So it is feasible to use the method in the analysis onclinical individual difference of cholesterol metabolism.

Analysis of Fatty Acid and Sterol Composition in 16 Shellfishes

Abstract: The composition of fatty acid and sterol in 16 coastal shellfishes is analyzed and compared.16 major fatty acids and 14 sterols are detected by GC-MS.The results suggest that shellfish in close taxonomic position have similar composition of fatty acid and sterol.In bivalve both EPA and DHA are identified to be the most important PUFA,while the EPA and ARA act to be the main PUFA in gastropod.The content of EPA in gastropod is found to be similar to that of bivalve,while the content of DHA is much lower than that in bivalve.Cholesterol makes up the major sterol,accounting for 50% of total sterol in bivalve,while in gastropod the cholesterol is identified to be up to about 90%.The content of campesterol,brassicasterol and sitosterol are significantly higher in bivalve than in gastropod.

Chemical constituents from Hirudo nipponica Whitman

Abstract: OBJECTIVE To investigate the chemical constituents from Hirudo nipponica Whitman.METHODS The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques and identified by their physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Eight compounds were isolated and identified as campesterol(1),Hexadecyl ethers of glycerol(2),2S,3S,4E-4,5-didehydrooctadecasphingosine pentacosanoic amides(3),1-O-(β-D-galactopyranosy1oxy)-substituted-2-(docosenoylamino)octadec-4-en-3-ol(4),succinic acid(5),hypoxanthine(6),propylamine(7),L-isoleucine(8).CONCLUSION All compounds were obtained from Hedyotis for the first time.

The nutritional composition of lipids in silkworm chrysalis.

Abstract: Objective To analyze the nutritional composition of lipids in silkworm chrysalis (Bombyx mori L.). Method Crude lipids were extracted by chloroform/methanol, and fatty acid, tocopherol, sterol and phospholipid composition in silkworm chrysalis were determined by GC, HPLC and TLC methods. Results Silkworm chrysalis was rich in lipid (32.79%) in which the most abundant fatty acids were C18:3 (32.79%), C18:1 (32.53%), C16:0 (22.42%), but C18:2 (4.37%), C18:0 (5.73%) and C16:1 (0.57%) were relatively less. The sterols included cholesterol (67.35%), β-sitosterol (19.21%), and trace amount of campesterol (0.28%) and brassicasterol (0.30%). Total tocopherols detected were at an average concentration of 486 mg/kg, including α-tocopherol (44.85%), γ(+ β )-tocopherol (44.57%), and δ-tocopherol (10.85%). The phospholipid content was about 1.17mg/g, among which, phosphorylcholine about 41.8%. Conclusion Silkworm chrystalis (Bombyx mori L.) could be a good source of nutritional edible oil rich in unsaturated fatty acid, phospholipids, phytosterols and tocopherols, particularly α-linolenic acid, β-sistosterol and α-tocopherol.