Showing papers on "Electromagnetic compatibility published in 2016"

Electromagnetic Compatibility Engineering

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Investigation of the immunity of computer equipment to the power-line electromagnetic interference

Abstract: An experimental setup for investigating the immunity of computer equipment to the power-line electromagnetic interference has been developed. The results of quantitative investigations of the performance of the computer equipment subjected to the action of nanosecond and microsecond electromagnetic pulses propagated through the power line as well as the results of investigations of the efficiency of external devices for protecting the computer equipment from the action of electromagnetic pulses propagated through the power line are presented.

Electromagnetic and thermal properties of three-dimensional printed multilayered nano-carbon/poly(lactic) acid structures

Abstract: A new type of light-weight material produced by 3D printing consisting of nano-carbon doped polymer layer followed by a dielectric polymer layer is proposed. We performed temperature dependent characterization and measured the electromagnetic (EM) response of the samples in the GHz and THz range. The temperature dependent structural characteristics, crystallization, and melting were observed to be strongly affected by the presence and the number of nano-carbon doped layers in the sandwich structure. The electromagnetic measurements show a great potential of such a type of periodic material for electromagnetic compatibility applications in microwave frequency range. Sandwich structures containing only two nano-carbon layers already become not transparent to the microwaves, giving an electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency at the level of 8–15 dB. A sandwich consisting of one nano-carbon doped and one polymer layer is opaque for THz radiation, because of 80% of absorption. These studies serve as a...

Electromagnetic Interference Simulations for Wide-Bandgap Power Electronic Modules

Abstract: A simulation methodology that incorporates cosimulation techniques using ANSYS EM tools is proposed to predict radiated and conducted electromagnetic interference (EMI) from power electronic modules. The radiated EMIs for a coplanar wire bonded and wire bondless power electronic modules are simulated and compared. The instantaneous power-levels conducting through the power devices in the wire bonded power module are significantly higher than those for the wire bondless power electronic module due to parasitic circuit element imbalance. These power-levels occur for a very short duration at the turn-ON and turn-OFF of the devices and can be considered as a potential source of radiated EMI emissions. Through the cosimulation technique, it is shown that the wire bondless power electronic module has a better electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) compliance compared with that of the coplanar wire bonded power electronic module. Conducted EMI measurements and simulations are also performed to predict the conducted EMI and validate the simulation methodology. The proposed cosimulation technique can be implemented during the initial design phase of power modules to reduce significant time to physically test module-level EMC/EMI.

Some Effects of Weak Magnetic Fields on Biological Systems: RF fields can change radical concentrations and cancer cell growth rates

Abstract: Concerns have been raised about the possible biological effects of nonionizing radiation since at least the late 1950s with respect to radar, other radio, and microwave sources. More recent concerns have arisen about the potential effects of low-intensity fields, including lowfrequency fields from the electric power generating, transmission, and distribution system and the devices it energizes, as well as intermediate, radio-frequency (RF), and higher-frequency radiation from devices such as cell phones, broadcast antennas, Wi-Fi, security monitors, and so forth. These are concerns about the direct effects of radiation on humans or other organisms. They are distinct from the electromagnetic compatibility issues that concern interference by the fields from one device with the function of another, though human health can be indirectly affected by electromagnetic interference with the function of medical devices, including hospital equipment or pacemakers.

High-Frequency Behavioral Ring Core Inductor Model

Abstract: The switching of the power semiconductors in static converters is the main source of electromagnetic interferences (EMI). To meet with electromagnetic compatibility standards, it is necessary to reduce the level of the conducted emissions. This reduction can be achieved by different techniques including the EMI filters whose design is mainly based on the use of ring core inductors. This element is a key point for designing efficient EMI filters, requiring then accurate inductor high-frequency (HF) models. Therefore, this paper deals with the development of an HF behavioral model of inductors, based on electrical equivalent circuit, for an implementation in circuit simulation software. The aim is to provide a robust and adjustable model under small-signal operating conditions for frequencies up to 100 MHz. The proposed model considers the frequency-dependent properties of the magnetic core material and also includes the parameterization of the electrical equivalent circuit elements with the number of winding turns and dimension of the magnetic core. Simulations results using the obtained inductor model are validated by impedance measurements with two types of magnetic materials: ferrite and nanocrystalline.

Microwave Absorbing Materials

Abstract: With the phenomenal development of electromagnetic wave communication devices and stealth technology, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have been attracting attention as antielectromagnetic interference slabs, stealth materials, self-concealing technology, and microwave darkrooms This book starts with the fundamental theory of electromagnetic wave absorption in loss medium space, followed by a discussion of different microwave absorbents, such as manganese dioxide, iron-based composite powder, conductive polyaniline, barium titanate powder, and manganese nitride Then, structural absorbing materials are explored, including multilayer materials, new discrete absorbers, microwave absorption coatings, cement-based materials, and structural pyramid materials Many of the graphics demonstrate not only the principles of physics and experimental results but also the methodology of computing The book will be useful for graduate students of materials science and engineering, physics, chemistry, and electrical and electronic engineering; researchers in the fields of electromagnetic functional materials and nanoscience; and engineers in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility and stealth design

An Ultracompact TSV-Based Common-Mode Filter (TSV-CMF) in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits (3-D ICs)

Abstract: In this paper, the radiation of signaling channel that may lead to noise coupling, electromagnetic interference or radio-frequency interference problems in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3-D ICs) is discussed. To improve the electromagnetic compatibility, a common-mode filter (CMF) based on the silicon interposer process with through-silicon vias (TSV) is proposed. A differential second-order T-model circuit for transmission lines with a common inductance is proposed to characterize and design the stopband and corresponding two transmission zeros for common mode (CM). Codesigned with through-silicon vias, this TSV-based CMF (TSV-CMF) is implemented in a cost-efficient interposer process and the measurement results match well to both the equivalent circuit model and full-wave simulation. It is measured that the differential bandwidth of the TSV-CMF can reach 25 GHz and CM stopband is around 15 GHz with 20% fractional bandwidth. In addition, the suppressing frequency and bandwidth can be easily altered and improved by using more stacked chips on the interposer.

Study of the effectiveness of spatially EM-diverse redundant systems under reverberation room conditions

Abstract: In the most recent IET Guide on ElectroMagnetic Compatibiliy (EMC) for Functional Safety [1], diverse redundancy is indicated as one of the techniques to cope with the effects ElectroMagnetic (EM) disturbances within safety-or mission-critical applications. Unfortunately, up to now, little or no research is available on how to implement such EM-diverse redundant system. This paper studies the effectiveness of spatial diversity to cope with EM disturbances caused by strong incident fields under reverberation room conditions. Here, reverberation room conditions refers to the situation where multiple plane waves are incident onto the system-under-study, each with a random angle-of-incidence, polarization and phase. Four different geometries are compared: a non-redundant system comprising a single trace on a PCB, a redundant system comprising three parallel traces on a single PCB, a redundant system comprising three non-parallel traces on a single PCB, and a redundant system comprising three differently oriented PCBs. A reciprocity-based technique is used to efficiently calculate the induced voltages and the resulting bit error probability in the different geometries. It is shown that only when using three differently oriented PCBs a significant reduction in the bit error probability is obtained.

Black-box macromodeling and its EMC applications

Abstract: The main idea of black-box macromodeling is to approximate the dynamic behavior of complex systems in terms of lowcomplexity models or equivalent circuits. Such compact models can be derived through robust numerical algorithms, such as the Vector Fitting scheme, starting from frequency- or time-domain responses of the system, and without any specific knowledge of its internal structure. The excellent accuracy that can be achieved, combined with the reduced size of the models, has led to a widespread adoption of this approach in several electrical and electronic applications, allowing designers to perform numerical simulations at the system level with high efficiency. This paper reviews the basics of black-box macromodeling and illustrates several application scenarios that are relevant for the EMC community, including Signal and Power Integrity, lossy transmission line modeling, electromagnetic full-wave simulation, network equivalencing and transformer modeling.

Localization of the equivalent sources on the PCB surface by using ultra-wideband time domain near-field measurements

Abstract: In this paper a 2D parametric identification algorithm of stochastic electromagnetic interference (EMI) sources based on near-field measurements is presented. The unintentional radiation of electronic devices and connecting cables can be measured by using two-point near-field planar scanning probes connected to the digital oscilloscope for ultra-wideband (UWB) time-domain data recording. The characterization of the registered stochastic time-domain field distribution was implemented by evaluating the autocorrelation and cross-correlation spectra. Due to the cyclostationary property of the stochastic information signals, the ensemble averaging procedure allows evaluating amplitudes and initial phases of clock harmonics, used for the synchronization of electronic device and information transmitting through the cables. The radiating object could be modelled as a set of equivalent electrical dipoles arranged on a grid in the object plane. To determine the equivalent dipole moments, the inverse procedure for the estimated clock harmonic was realized assuming the near-field propagation model. The final localization of the equivalent dipoles for the defined clock harmonic was implemented by the application of 2D Matrix Pencil algorithm and Minimum Least Square fitting procedure. The experimental data was processed with proposed parametric identification procedure for a spatial localization of equivalent dipoles and effective sources on the surface of the radiating structure.

Electromagnetic interference in electrical systems of motor vehicles

Abstract: Electronic ignition system affects the electronic equipment of the vehicle by electric and magnetic fields. The measurement of radio electromagnetic interference originating from the ignition system affecting the audiovisual test bench was carried out with a variable speed of the ignition system. The paper presents measurements of radio electromagnetic interference in automobiles. In order to determine the level of electromagnetic interference, the audiovisual test bench was equipped with a set of meters for power consumption and assessment of the level of electromagnetic interference. Measurements of the electromagnetic interference level within the audiovisual system were performed on an experimental test bench consisting of the ignition system, starting system and charging system with an alternator and regulator.

Modelling and Simulation of Three Level Inverters for Main Drive of the Plate Mill Rolling Stand

Abstract: This paper addresses a modelling and a simulation of three level inverters for main drive of the plate mill rolling stand. The main purpose of the article is to develop of a mathematical description of the three level voltage source inverter based on a space vector pulse width modulation and to simulate a consumption current by the main electric drive based on 18-pulse rectification circuit. A twelve-megawatt synchronous motor as a load has been used. The modelling results were simulated at the Matlab/Simulink program. It can allow us to estimate an electromagnetic compatibility of the main electric drive based on transients of the consumption current. The research results can be used to assess the electromagnetic compatibility of powerful three level natural point clamped converters with different types of the space vector pulse width modulation on a load or a grid.

Lossy chaotic electromagnetic reverberation chambers: Universal statistical behavior of the vectorial field.

Abstract: The effective Hamiltonian formalism is extended to vectorial electromagnetic waves in order to describe statistical properties of the field in reverberation chambers. The latter are commonly used in electromagnetic compatibility tests. As a first step, the distribution of wave intensities in chaotic systems with varying opening in the weak coupling limit for scalar quantum waves is derived by means of random matrix theory. In this limit the only parameters are the modal overlap and the number of open channels. Using the extended effective Hamiltonian, we describe the intensity statistics of the vectorial electromagnetic eigenmodes of lossy reverberation chambers. Finally, the typical quantity of interest in such chambers, namely, the distribution of the electromagnetic response, is discussed. By determining the distribution of the phase rigidity, describing the coupling to the environment, using random matrix numerical data, we find good agreement between the theoretical prediction and numerical calculations of the response.

Reliability and Sensitivity Analysis of Transmission Lines in a Probabilistic EMC Context

Abstract: Uncertainty propagation plays an important role in electromagnetic compatibility when high safety standards are imposed. This paper addresses the safety assessment of transmission lines under uncertain radiated electromagnetic constraints. The purpose is to estimate the probability that the current at a terminal load exceeds a prescribed threshold. This paper details the basics of the most efficient methods specifically tailored to assess small failure probabilities. A focus is put on global and local sensitivity analyses that provide the analyst with important results regarding the design of transmission lines. This paper is illustrated with two application examples that highlight the strengths and limits of reliability assessment methods in light of physical interpretations of the obtained results.

5G wireless communications (60 GHz band) for smart grid — An EMC perspective

Abstract: In order to control the components of a Smart Grid, a reliable telecommunication and information exchange system is necessary. Hence, the telecommunication network is an integral part of a Smart Grid electrical power transmission, distribution and control system. The telecommunication network needs to be reliable, secure, cost effective, and immune from power system transients and external electromagnetic noise sources. This paper investigates generally available telecommunication network options for Smart Grid applications, from an electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) perspective. The findings indicate that for short range communication requirements a 5G wireless using the 60 GHz ISM band is emerging as one of the technology options for reliable, secure and cost effective operation of a Smart Grid.

EMC analysis of 18-pulse AC-DC circuit consisting of three level AFE rectifiers based on PWMSHE method with three switching angles for quarter-period

Abstract: In the article is devoted to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of 18-pulse AC-DC circuit consisting of three level active front end (AFE) rectifiers based on a pulse width modulation selective harmonic elimination (PWMSHE) method with three switching angles for quarter-period. 18-pulse AC-DC circuit is made as a parallel connection of three power transformers which have the secondary winding voltages phase shift 20°, 0°, and −20°. The each three level AFE rectifier consists of power transistors and connects to the transformer secondary winding. The EMC analysis of this circuit has been carried out by simulation using Matlab/Simulink program. Researches of the PWMSHE method has been presented to estimate total harmonic distortional (THD) and harmonic spectrum of current and voltage. To minimize the THD or decrease the harmonic spectrum, the research results can be used to estimate the EMC of industrial medium voltage AC drives based on three level AFE active rectifiers or inverters.

Breakthrough Packaging Level Shielding Techniques and EMI Effectiveness Modeling and Characterization

Abstract: Electronic handsets have been rapidly miniaturized in form factor and developed with highly integrated functions, more complexity, and significantly improved performance. Within high density radio frequency (RF) modules, electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues such as unwanted cross-talk among the RF modules in mobile devices, cause electrical performance shifts, and make the modules more susceptible to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) failures. All of these have raised considerable and critical challenges to RF design, which lead to a greater number of design iterations, prolonged design cycle times, and additional costs in a highly competitive market place. EMC has to be addressed during RF module design and package assembly by minimizing EMI radiation, reducing coupling paths, designing proper shielding, and grounding. The principle of EMI shielding is known as Faraday cage. This paper presents an overview of package level EMI shielding, where a metal layer is applied to partially or completely enclose a package in order to reduce the amount of EMI energy escaping into the external environment and also limit the EMI radiation that can penetrate into the package. Various EMI shielding techniques are compared and contrasted in terms of materials, process complexity, manufacturability, cost and EMI shielding effectiveness. Near-field EMI measurement/characterization is used to precisely capture EMI emission from device to system level or vice versa. The electromagnetic modeling methodology is used to pinpoint the root causes of unwanted EMI radiation on the module level.

The Development of an EM-Field Probing System for Manual Near-Field Scanning

Abstract: This research was conducted to visualize the frequency-dependent electromagnetic field distribution for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) applications and the time evolution of the current flow induced by an electrostatic discharge (ESD) on complex-shaped electronic systems. These objectives were achieved by combining magnetic field probing with a system that automatically records the probe's position and orientation. The local magnetic field associated with the probe location was recorded and displayed at near real time on the captured 3-D geometry. Consequently, a field strength map was obtained for EMC applications. Also, a video showing the spreading of the ESD-induced current with subnanosecond resolution was captured for ESD applications after the ESD-induced surface current density associated with the probe location was recorded.

EMC research of 18-pulse circuit consisting of 3L-NPC converters with SHE

Abstract: The article deals EMC research of 18-pulse circuit consisting of three level neutral point clamped (3L-NPC) converters with selective harmonic elimination (SHE) algorithm. Main object of research is power circuit of wind-driven electric plants based on 18-pulse circuit consisting of three 3L back-to-back (BtB) converters. A review of contemporary condition of power electronics for application in wind generator systems is presented in the article. THD analysis of voltage and current waveforms has been presented to assessed EMC of the researched power circuit of wind-driven electric plants.

Dynamic analysis and optimization of parameter control of radio systems in conditions of interference

Abstract: Radio devices and complexes of strategic application are highly complicated technical systems working under difficult conditions including the conditions of intentional interference. Radio systems have been developed at various times and with various technical parameters and operation requirements, which makes their common use even more difficult due to their mutual influence. The article examines semi-Markov model of maintaining electromagnetic stability of system control for radio complexes. We suggest analytical tools for solving the problem of maintaining electromagnetic compatibility of the total of radio complexes on the basis of the analysis of the state of the model in conditions of interference, the use of state-space representation and the relativity theory. Thus, the suggested tools allow to calculate the efficiency of radio systems operation, probability of task performance for the period not exceeding the predetermined one. The work offers the methods of studying the dependence of this efficiency parameter on the following parameters of system functioning: the expected value of the time of radio system operation during task performance, the expected value of the start of interference, the expected value of restoring RS operation capacity, the probability of the fulfillment of conditions of overlapping frequencies and the interference power exceeding the limit value of the signal power. The resulting mathematical tools allow to calculate the average time of effective radio system functioning in conditions of unintentional and intentional interference, calculate the probability of effective simultaneous work of two radio systems with their unintentional mutual interference. They will also help us determine the optimum plan of frequency resource for interference reduction. We have developed the methods for determining the optimum working plan for a number of heterogeneous radio complexes, thus aiming to build a single effective system of their control by changing dynamically the parameters of their radio emissions.

Benefits of full time-domain EMI measurements for large fixed installation

Abstract: It is difficult to properly evaluate the electromagnetic disturbances generated by large fixed installations because of, i.e., the background noise, unsteady emissions and transient interferences. Those challenging EMC issues have been recently studied in European research projects on improved test methods in industrial environments. In order to overcome traditional in-situ EMI measurement troubles, a novel time-domain methodology is proposed and used in a real fixed installation with large machinery. Firstly, a comparison between the developed measurement system, using an oscilloscope, and an EMI receiver is done in some test-cases for validation purposes. After verifying the accuracy of the measurements, we proceed with the measurement campaign applying the full time-domain methodology. The main benefits of employing the time-domain system are emphasised through the results. It was observed that the some remarkable advantages of the time-domain approach are: triggering by disturbance events, extremely reduce the capturing time, identify on real time the worst emissions modes of the EUT, avoid changes at the background noise and perform simultaneous multichannel synchronous measurements.

A Computational Approach for a Wireless Power Transfer Link Design Optimization Considering Electromagnetic Compatibility

Abstract: This paper presents an electromagnetic-artificial intelligence design optimization approach of a wireless power transfer link (WPTL). Electromagnetic solutions from a 3-DFE model of the WPTL were utilized to minimize the field signature around each design while maintaining high efficiency. The reduced field signatures around the WPTL would enable the achievement of designs that are in accordance with international electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards such as international commission on non-ionizing radiation protection guidelines with respect to public exposure levels of EM signatures below 27 $\mu \text{T}$ . As the optimization process involved utilizing a large number of fitness function evaluations, numerous 3-DFE solutions were required increasing the computational burden. Artificial neural networks were developed, trained, and used to produce the required equivalent 3-DFE solutions to evaluate the fitness function. As a result, this process significantly reduced the computational time by nearly 90%. The genetic algorithm-based optimization process yielded the desired results of electromagnetically compatible WPTL designs at the early development stage satisfying EMC standards.

Investigation of the trade-off between switching losses and EMI generation in Gaussian S-shaping for high-power IGBT switching transients by active voltage control

Abstract: Over three decades of development effort has brought insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) technology to a high-level of maturity. IGBT converters have been widely used in industry. However, the high-speed switching transient of the IGBT-freewheel diode chopper cell causes high-level electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electromagnetic compatibility requirements are normally taken into account by utilising costly EMI filters or shielding on the load and supply side. The risk of this traditional method is to incur a delay in commercialising the converters since identification of the failure causes, modifications, and successfully re-testing are required. A promising alternative is to constrain the EMI at source by introducing active voltage control technique and shaping the IGBT switching transient into a sophisticated ‘S’-shape. Previously, IGBT switching waveforms have been successfully shaped into an advanced Gaussian ‘S’-shape with the EMI greatly reduced. In this study, the authors further investigated the trade-off between EMI generation and switching losses in such an S-shaping method. The investigation was carried out in an accurate physical IGBT/diode model that is able to accurately simulate the device switching transient. From the results, it can be seen that by using the Gaussian S-shaping method the trade-off between EMI and switching losses could be much improved.

Electromagnetic Compatibility Of Integrated Circuits Techniques For Low Emission And Susceptibility

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Electromagnetic compatibility analysing of electrical equipment

Abstract: Electromagnetic compatibility-EMC and functional safety can no longer be treated as two separate disciplines when electrical or electronic systems are considered performing safety-related functions. Furthermore the usual EMC approach to define immunity requirements on the basis of availability and economic conditions cannot be applied to immunity issues regarding safety-related systems. And on the other hand the approach within functional safety to emphasize the relevance of the SIL cannot be transferred in a simple way into the EMC area. An appropriate approach to combine both disciplines consists of the introduction of special immunity levels and test methods in connection with a particular performance criterion “Functional Safety”.

EMC Regulations and Spectral Constraints for Multicarrier Modulation in PLC

Abstract: This paper considers Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) aspects in the context of Power Line Communication (PLC) systems. It offers a complete overview of both narrow band PLC and broad band PLC EMC norms. How to interpret and translate such norms and measurement procedures into typical constraints used by designers of communication systems, is discussed. In particular, the constraints to the modulated signal spectrum are considered and the ability of pulse shaped OFDM (PS-OFDM), used in most of the PLC standards as IEEE P1901 and P1901.2, to fulfill them is analyzed. In addition, aiming to improve the spectrum management ability, a novel scheme named Pulse Shaped Cyclic Block Filtered Multitone modulation (PS-CB-FMT) is introduced and compared to PS-OFDM. It is shown that, PS-CB-FMT offers better ability to fulfill the norms which translates in higher system capacity.

Time-Domain Magnetic Dipole Model of PCB Near-Field Emission

Abstract: A magnetic dipole array based time-domain (TD) modeling of electromagnetic near-field (NF) radiated by printed circuit boards (PCB) is introduced. The behavioral equivalent model of radiated emission using elementary magnetic dipoles compliments the previously described TD model using electric dipoles. The equivalent dipole model parameters are determined by the matrix inversion method from the time-dependent magnetic NF data. The proposed modeling approach was implemented in MATLAB. As a proof of concept, the TD magnetic NF radiated by a passive microstrip test PCB exited by a nanosecond-duration signal was considered. The modeled-magnetic NF maps were compared with the reference data in the observation planes situated at some centimeters above the tested PCB, showing good agreement. The comparison between magnetic and electric dipole models was performed, showing the advantage of the latter.