Showing papers on "Four-stroke engine published in 2019"

A Diesel Engine Modelling Approach for Ship Propulsion Real-Time Simulators

Abstract: A turbocharged diesel engine numerical model, suitable for real-time ship manoeuvre simulation, is presented in this paper. While some engine components (mainly the turbocharger, intercooler and manifolds) are modelled by a filling and emptying approach, the cylinder simulation is based on a set of five-dimensional numerical matrices (each matrix is generated by means of a more traditional thermodynamic model based on in-cylinder actual cycle). The new cylinder calculation approach strongly reduces the engine transient computation time, making it possible to transform the simulation model into a real-time executable application. As a case study, the simulation methodology is applied to a high speed four stroke turbocharged marine diesel engine, whose design and off design running data are available from the technical sheet. In order to verify the suitability of the proposed model in real-time simulation applications, a yacht propulsion plant simulator is developed. Numerical results in ship acceleration and deceleration manoeuvres are shown, reducing the simulation running time of 99% in comparison with the corresponding in-cylinder actual cycle engine model.

Generation of biodiesel from industrial wastewater using oleaginous yeast: performance and emission characteristics of microbial biodiesel and its blends on a compression injection diesel engine

Abstract: Microbial-derived biodiesel was tested on a lab scale CI diesel engine for carrying out exhaust emission and performance characteristics. The performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke fixed compression ratio engine when fueled with microbial bio-diesel and its 10-30% blends with diesel (on a volume basis) were investigated and compared with conventional diesel. The bio-diesel was obtained from microbes which were grown by combining distillery spent wash with lignocellulosic hydrolysate at nutrient deprived conditions. The microbes consumed the wastes and converted the high strength waste water into lipids, which were trans-esterified to form bio-diesel. Testing of microbial bio-diesel blends with ordinary diesel at different loading pressures and the emission characteristics were compared. Results indicate that with increasing of the blends, reduction of HC and CO emissions were observed, whilst brake thermal efficiency maxed out at 20% blending. Further increase of blends showed a tendency of increasing of both emissions in the exhaust stream. The Brake Specific Fuel consumption was observed to decline with blending until 20% and then increased. The nitrogen oxide emissions, however, were found to increase with increasing blend ratios and reached a maximum at 20% blend. The escalation of HC, CO, CO2, and NOx emissions was also observed at higher blending ratios and higher engine loads. The performance studies were able to show that out of the three blends of biodiesel, 20% biodiesel blend was able to deliver the best of reduced hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions, whilst also delivering the highest Brake thermal efficiency and the lowest Brake Specific Fuel consumption.

Comparative evaluation of biodiesel production and engine characteristics of Jatropha and Argemone Mexicana oils

Abstract: This paper deals with a performance evaluation of locally made 20L batch type reactor and JP and AM biodiesels produced by using this reactor. The inputs for transesterification process were Jatropha and Argemone Mexicana oils, with an alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, 1% NaOH catalyst, 55 °C reaction temperature, an hour settling time and 600 rpm agitation speed. The conversion ability of the reactor for Jatropha and Argemone Mexicana oil seeds has shown a 94% and 94.5%, respectively. The property of these biodiesels has analyzed and its result was within the limit of ASTM D6751. Performance and emission behavior of different blends of these oils such as B10, B20, B30 and pure diesel were evaluated in a single cylinder, four stroke CI engine with rated speed of 1500 rpm and rated power of 4 kW. The B10 blend has shown closer characteristics in terms of specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust gas temperature at different loads to diesel. On the other hand, B10 has resulted with higher CO2 and CO and lower NOx emission potential compared to the two blends. The lower NO2 emission is due to its lowest exhaust gas temperature. The biodiesels finally pass standard tests of EPE by fulfilling the standard parameters that made them competitive and substitute options to diesel fuel.

Performance Characteristics of a Small Engine Fueled by Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an investigation on the performance characteristics of a small spark ignition (SI) engine fueled by liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) to be compared with gasoline fueled. The LPG delivery systems used was fuel injection while carburetor was used for gasoline. In the experiment, wide open throttle (WOT) was run on a four stroke single cylinder engine that was coupled to a 20 kW generator dynamometer to measure the engine performance such as engine torque, and fuel consumption. Others parameters included are brake power (BP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake thermal efficiencies (BTH). The results were compared, analyzed and suggestions were made for modification for further improvement of using LPG in a small SI engine. It was found that the engine fueled by LPG had a lower performance compared to the gasoline fueled engine.

Effect of lubricants on the friction of cylinder liner and piston ring materials in a reciprocating bench test

Abstract: A reciprocating bench test was used to evaluate the friction behaviour of cylinder liner and piston ring material for single cylinder four stroke petrol engines. The flat specimen of cylinder liner and actual piston ring segment has been used for this experimental work. Flat specimen prepared for this experimental work has been analysed for its composition. The lubricant was supplied into the inlet side of the contact zone. Commercial lubricants; SAE10W30, SAE20W40 and SAE20W50 are used to describe the behaviour of this test method. Variable load, variable speed, and variable temperature were taken to measure the friction coefficient. It has been concluded that the SAE10W30 offers highest friction coefficient among all lubricants for all operating parameters. The viscosity of lubricant plays a vital role to characterize the behaviour of friction.

Design optimization of a diesel engine connecting rod

Abstract: Rotary motion is generated from a crankshaft’s piston alternating motion using a connecting rod. The engine combustion gases and components motion of inertia exert pressures that induces compressive and tensile stress in the connecting rod respectively [1], [2]. Connecting rods fail due to its overloading, bearing failure, irregular adjustments of the bolts and faulty assembly or fatigue [3]. It is important for connecting rods to be able to withstand the complex high tensile loads that acts on them. As a result, numerous design technology, material selection, working and fatigue test of a connecting rod have been studied and presented [4]. Mechanical properties (such as hardness, tensile strength, rigidity and fatigue resistivity) of the materials used in the manufacture of a connecting rod need vehicles depends on the design of the connecting rod. Failure of connecting rod is attributed to the in availability of much strength needed to hold the load. This can be overcome with the life cycle extended by increasing the strength [5]. Finite element analysis of connecting rod have been conducted and presented by a lot of researchers. In [6], theoretical and FEA of an IC engine connecting rod was conducted. The result of the analysis obtained shows the causes of failure at the fillet of both ends due to the induced stress. In [7] static FEA for fatigue, deformation and weight optimization of a connecting rod using ANSYS workbench is carried out and presented. From the suggested design changes obtained from the weight optimization result, the failure result is further updated to achieve a better result. In a paper by Bansal, dynamic stress analysis was carried out on a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine connecting rod of Aluminum material using FEA. The optimization was also done under dynamic loading with the boundary conditions and inputs determined from the pressure-volume diagram and engine specification chart respectively are carried out with different meshing size for an accurate result. [8]. FEA is the commonly employed computational tool for testing and modifying engineering structures within certain design limit. It involves diving in to small units known as ‘elements’ for static and dynamic analysis of simple to complex model under different design constraints. Further investigation can also be done to improve the design for optimal performance and lifespan with regards to design failure [9]. Many kinds of literature have worked on weight optimization. Gaikwad in his paper modifies a roller conveyor by performing weight optimization after carrying out static analysis on the roller conveyor [10] In another paper by [10] the weight of a roller conveyor was reduced thereby saving the materials under specific load constraints using finite element method. In this paper shape optimization with target weight reduction rate of 20 to 60% with an interval of 10 under a static loading of 100N. Further analysis for structural optimization is also done to determine a new optimized structure with new deformation and stress values respectively. The analysis is carried out in ANSYS static structural, mechanical solver with a tensile force of 100N acting on its larger end.

Power Generation From Renewable Energy Sources Derived From Biodiesel and Low Energy Content Producer Gas for Rural Electrification

Abstract: The work presented mainly focuses on the power generation from engine-gasifier integrated system suitably modified to operate on selected renewable as well as fossil-derived fuel combinations. In this direction, biodiesel of Honge oil methyl ester (HOME), fuel oil (FO) also called pyrolysis plastic oil (PPO), were selected as pilot injected fuels in the modified diesel engine to operate in dual fuel mode with low energy content producer gas as inducted fuel. Accordingly, the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a single cylinder, four stroke water cooled direct injection (DI) compression ignition (CI) engine operated in dual fuel mode using these fuel combinations were investigated as potential sources for power generation applications. In the first phase of the work, production of fuel oil from low-density polyethylene waste (LDPE) using thermal and catalytic process has been investigated. Thermal cracking yielded 97.2 wt% conversions compared to 99.1 wt% by catalytic cracking with catalyst to plastic ratio of 0.2 and biodiesel was obtained using transesterification process from the Honge oil, which is locally and abundantly available in India. Further, in the next phase of the work, performance of dual fuel engine was investigated using HOME and fuel oil (ranging from 0% to 30% in HOME) blend and producer gas induction. Optimized performance of dual fuel operation using combination of HOME and FO blend called HFO and producer gas induction was done using different engine operating parameters such as reentrant type combustion chamber (RCC), 230 bar injection pressure, 4 hole, and 0.25 mm nozzle orifice which showed a 4.9% increased performance with acceptable levels of emissions compared to HOME-PG operation with conventional unmodified diesel engine provided with hemispherical combustion chamber (HCC). Results of investigation on HOME + FO-PG operation with RCC showed significant changes in ignition delay, increased cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and decreased combustion duration compared to HOME-PG operation with conventional existing engine facility. However, extended investigations in engine technology with further development would enhance the performance and feasibility of these fuels for dual fuel operation and future power generation exploitations.

Influence of ethanol–gasoline blend on performance and emission of four-stroke spark ignition motorcycle

Abstract: In order to encounter the problems of fossil fuel depletion and global warming, it is very important to search an alternative fuel for transportation sector. Ethanol, one of many alternative fuels, is an attractive source of alternative fuel for combustion engine. Generally, an ethanol is used as blended fuel with gasoline or diesel fuel. In the present work, an effect of blend ratio by volume of ethanol–gasoline fuels (E0, E5, E10, and E15) on performance and emission characteristic of four-stroke motorcycle is investigated experimentally. The work is performed at engine speed of 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, and 9000 rpm for each of tested fuels. The result indicates that oxygen presence in the ethanol gives an advantage to combustion process of the ethanol–gasoline blends. The combustion process occurs more completely with the use of the blends. The ethanol–gasoline blend improves the brake power of the motorcycle. The maximum brake power of 6.23 kW is attained with the use of E15 at 8000 rpm. Typically, exhaust gas temperature increases with the use of ethanol–gasoline blends. The highest exhaust gas temperature occurs with the use of E10 at 9000 rpm. The use of ethanol–gasoline blends reduces the brake-specific fuel consumption. The lowest brake-specific fuel consumption of 0.125 kW/kg h is obtained for the use of E10 at 4000 rpm. Meanwhile, CO and HC decline with the use of ethanol–gasoline blends. The lowest CO of 0.11% and HC of 7 ppm are produced with the use of E10 at 8000 rpm. On the other hand, CO2 increases with the use of ethanol–gasoline blends. The highest CO2 of 7% is formed with the use of E15 at 8000 rpm.

Combined impact of compression ratio and re-circulated exhaust gas on the performance of a biogas fueled spark ignition engine

Abstract: The usage of biogas as a potential fuel in a spark ignition (SI) engine is the theme for the present study. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a significant technique for improving the performance of the SI engine. Thus, the novelty of the experimental investigations lies in implementing the EGR technique for emission control of the biogas-fueled engine. The raw biogas (52% methane and 47% carbon dioxide), obtained from a biogas digester (using cow dung as the source), was the engine fuel for a four stroke, water cooled, variable compression ratio SI engine set-up. Here, the engine performance and emission related parameters were measured. When operated in the raw biogas mode at an optimum spark timing of 45 °CA before the top dead center, the engine produced maximum torques of 11 N m, 14 N m, and 16 N m for compression ratios 8, 9, and 10, respectively. The effect of different EGR rates on the emission control was also investigated. The net heat release rate without EGR was found to be 22.623J/°CA at 368 °CA, which further reduced to 14.233 J/°CA at 386 °CA for EGR10. Moreover, it was clearly evident that low EGR rates (below 10%) were effective in reducing NOX significantly, with minor compromise in power and brake specific fuel consumption. But the emissions of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide were found to be higher with the increase in EGR. The operation of the engine with medium or heavy EGR rates resulted in issues related to intense pressure fluctuations and large cycle-to-cycle variation in performance. Thus, the present investigations recommend the use of low EGR (below 10%) in a biogas-based engine for lower NOX emission and better fuel efficiency.

RSM analysis of heat balance of direct injection 4-stroke diesel engine using biodiesel fuel

Abstract: The effect of heat transfer on engine energy balance using biodiesel fuel was experimentally investigated using a 4-stroke, water-cooled, 4-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. The engine spee...

The Effect of Compression Ratio and Alternative Fuels on Performance and Exhaust Emission in a Diesel Engine by Modelling Engine

Abstract: This study investigates the effect of compression ratio and different fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a 6.8L turbocharged industrial diesel engine. For carried out this work, a 6 cylinder four stroke engine with gamma technologies power software is modelled and the effect of compression ratio (15:1 - 19:1) and alternative fuels (Diesel, Ethanol, Methanol, Decane, Soybean biodiesel, Diesel- Ethanol) at wide open throttle and various speeds from 800-2400 rpm are presented. The results indicate that the brake specific fuel consumptions of decane fuel at a compression ratio of 17:1 is lower than those of other fuels and also the maximum brake torque obtained with decane fuel at 1400 rpm. At this engine observed that decane fuel has higher brake power as compared to other fuels used due to higher heating value content. The emission results show that diesel fuel emitted more Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide emissions but soybean biodiesel (B100) has less Carbon monoxide, whereas highest oxides of nitrogen is founded with soybean biodiesel. Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide emissions are very close to each other when used decane and diesel fuel. In general decane fuel has higher performance and soybean biodiesel had fewer emissions at a compression ratio of 17:1.

Thermodynamic analysis of a four-stroke compression ignition engine fueled by corn biodiesel blends and pure diesel

Abstract: Energy is a determining factor for the global economy blossom. Nowadays, near 80% of the entire energy obtained from fossil fuel is principally applied for transportation area. Exhaustion of fossil...

The effect of palm biodiesel fuel on the performance of automotive four stroke diesel engine

Abstract: The usage of biodiesel is been increased due to the shortage and cost inincrease of normal fuel in the market. The present investigation aims to explore the performance assessment of four stroke diesel engine using palm biodiesel. The palm biodiesel cannot be directly used as an alternative fuel so that the diesel and biodiesel is mixed with a concentration of (B10,D90), (B20,D80), (B30,D70), (B40,D60), (B100) and experimental investigation is experimental carried out on four stroke, double cylinder, to study engine performance.

Emission Studies in CI Engine using LPG and Palm Kernel Methyl Ester as Fuels and Di-ethyl Ether as an Additive

Abstract: The present study investigates the effectiveness of using di-ethyl ether (DEE) as the fuel additive in engine performance and emissions. Experiments are carried out in a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine at constant speed. Two different fuels namely liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and palm kernel methyl ester (PKME) are used as primary fuels with DEE as the fuel additive. LPG flow rates of 0.6 and 0.8 kg/h are considered, and flow rate of DEE is varied to maintain the constant engine speed. In case of PKME fuel, it is blended with diesel in the latter to the former ratio of 80:20, and DEE is varied in the volumetric proportion of 1 and 2%. Results indicate that for the engine operating in LPG-DEE mode at 0.6 kg/h of LPG, the brake thermal efficiency is lowered by 26%; however, NOx is subsequently reduced by around 30% compared to the engine running with only diesel fuel at 70% load. Similarly, results of PKME blended fuel showed a drastic reduction in the NOx and CO emissions. In these two modes of operation, DEE is observed to be significant fuel additive regarding emissions reduction.

Pengaruh Penambahan Langkah Kerja terhadap Unjuk Kerja Motor Bakar

Abstract: The duration of fuel-air diffusion in the 4 stroke combustion engine is relatively short, which is 0.02 seconds at 3000 rpm so that at high rotation the level of homogeneity of the fuel-air mixture becomes low. The addition of steps in a 4 stroke combustion engine to a 6 stroke combustion engine is expected to increase the duration of mass diffusion and temperature in the air-fuel mixture. So that the homogeneity of the air-fuel mixture increase and more expansion power of the combustion results. Engine performance testing by reducing the engine speed of 400 rpm at the initial condition of the throttle valve opening by 30% then the results of the performance of the two motors will be compared. The test results show an increase in power and torque in a 6 stroke combustion engine compared to a 4 stroke combustion engine at the same rotation conditions of 15%. As for the value of the specific fuel consumption effective (SFCe), thermal efficiency, and exhaust gas emissions of Hydrocarbon (HC) 4 stroke fuel is still better.