Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 2002"

Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective.

Abstract: In the classical, Aristotelian, view of human development, people arc assumed to possess an active tendency toward psychological growth and integration. Endowed with an innate stT·h~ng to exercise and elaborate their interests, individuals tt:nd naturally to seck challenges, to discover new perspectives, and 10 actively internalize and transform cultural practices. By stretching thei.r capacities and expressing thei.r talents and propensities, people actualize their human potentials. Within this perspective, active growth is complemented by a tendency toward synthesis, organization, or relative unity of both knowledge and personality. Moreover, the integration of that which is experienced providt-s the basis for a coherent sense of selfa sense of wholeness, vitalit}\ and integrity. To the degree that individuals have attained a sense of self, they can act in accord "~th, or be "true" to, that seU: T his general view of an active, integrating organism with the potential to a.ct from a coherent sense of self can be found in psychodynamic and humanistic theories of personality and in cognitive theories of development. For example, psychoanalytic theorists posit inherent activity and a synthetic function of the ego (Freud, 1927; Nun berg, 1931; Meissner, 1981; White, 1963), and humani.~tic psyclJOlogists postulate an actualizing tendency (Angyal, 1963; Maslow, 1955; Rogers, 1963). Similarly, many cognitive d<:vclopmcntal theories emphasize an organizational or imcgrativc tendency as an endogenous feature of the organism, proposing that development is clmracterized by an overarching organization function through which new self-extensions are brought into coherence with other cognitive stmctures (Piagct, 1971; 'vVerncr, 1948).

Kicking away the ladder : development strategy in historical perspective

Abstract: Chang, como vem fazendo desde a publicação como livro de sua tese de doutorado, em 1994, continua fundamentando teórica e empiricamente as políticas industriais e a intervenção estatal nas economias, na busca incessante por demonstrar as falácias teóricas e históricas que os liberais freqüentemente utilizam em suas argumentações. Tais preocupações se mantêm em seu novo livro, “Kicking Away the Ladder: Policies and Institutions for Economic Development in Historical Perspective”, disponível, a partir de agosto, em algumas livrarias virtuais. O livro, que trata sobretudo do lado empírico mencionado acima, mas com algumas incursões teóricas, praticamente se divide em duas partes: na primeira (concentrada no segundo capítulo), Chang mostra como os Países

Gambling and related mental disorders: a public health analysis.

Abstract: This article reviews the prevalence of gambling and related mental disorders from a public health perspective. It traces the expansion of gambling in North America and the psychological, economic, and social consequences for the public's health, and then considers both the costs and benefits of gambling and the history of gambling prevalence research. A public health approach is applied to understanding the epidemiology of gambling-related problems. International prevalence rates are provided and the prevalence of mental disorders that often are comorbid with gambling problems is reviewed. Analysis includes an examination of groups vulnerable to gambling-related disorders and the methodological and conceptual matters that might influence epidemiological research and prevalence rates related to gambling. The major public health problems associated with gambling are considered and recommendations made for public health policy, practice, and research. The enduring value of a public health perspective is that it applies different 'lenses' for understanding gambling behaviour, analysing its benefits and costs, as well as identifying strategies for action. Harvey A. Skinner (160, p. 286)

An examination of the relationship between trust, commitment and relationship quality

Abstract: Attempts to examine the concepts of trust and commitment, on two levels of retail relationships: the salesperson level as well as the store level, and test their impact on relationship quality. Based on a review of the literature, a conceptual model has been developed that links trust and commitment to relationship quality. A number of research hypotheses have been formulated to examine the relationships proposed. The paper presents the model developed and discusses some empirical findings from a survey of 1,261 shoppers in a departmental store setting in Victoria, Australia. In particular, the two levels of relationships (salesperson and store level) are examined from the customer’s perspective, using structural equation modelling (LISREL VIII). Concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study and provides directions for future research.

Evidence of Perspective-Taking Constraints in Children's On-Line Reference Resolution

Abstract: Young children's communication has often been characterized as egocentric. Some researchers claim that the processing of language involves an initial stage that relies on egocentric heuristics, even in adults. Such an account, combined with general developmental difficulties with late-stage processes, could provide an explanation for much of children's egocentric communication. However, the experimental data reported in this article do not support such an account: In an elicited-production task, 5- to 6-year-old children were found to be sensitive to their partner's perspective. Moreover, in an on-line comprehension task, they showed sensitivity to common-ground information from the initial stages of language processing. We propose that mutual knowledge is not distinct from other knowledge relevant for language processing, and exerts early effects on processing in proportion to its salience and reliability.

Organizational identification after a merger: A social identity perspective

Abstract: An analysis of the social identity processes involved in organizational mergers suggests that organizational identification after a merger is contingent on a sense of continuity of identity. This sense of continuity, in turn, is argued to be contingent on the extent to which the individual's own pre-merger organization dominates, or is dominated by, the merger partner. In support of this analysis, results of two surveys of merged organizations showed that pre-merger and post-merger identification were more positively related for members of dominant as opposed to dominated organizations, whereas perceived differences between the merger partners were more negatively related to post-merger identification for members of the dominated compared with the dominant organization.

New Perspectives on Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle

Abstract: The present paper provides an overview of recent developments in the analysis of monetary policy in the presence of nominal rigidities. The paper emphasizes the existence of several dimensions in which the recent literature provides a new perspective on the linkages among monetary policy, insation, and the business cycle. It is argued that the adoption of an explicitly optimizing, general equilibrium framework has not been supersuous; on the contrary, it has yielded many insights which, by their nature, could hardly have been obtained with earlier non-optimizing models.

Entrepreneurship and its Conditions: a Macro Perspective

Abstract: textThe rate of entrepreneurship, a multidimensional concept including both the percentage of existing business owners in the labor force as well as the start-up rate of new enterprises, varies substantially across countries and over periods of time. Data for several modern Western nations including the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands suggest a U-shaped recovery in rate of entrepreneurship (as measured by business ownership) toward the end of the 20th century. However, the timing, pattern and extent of this recovery vary substantially across nations. The reasons for this large variation in rate of entrepreneurship across time and by country are by no means straightforward. This paper provides a framework explaining the causes of the variation in rate of entrepreneurship across countries. The last part of the paper illustrates the framework with two historical case studies: the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century and Britain’s First Industrial Revolution (1760-1830). The approach taken is eclectic, integrating various research streams in the social sciences. Policy implications are also proposed.

The Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle and the Evolution of Dynamic Capabilities

Abstract: Wheeler's Net-Enabled Business Innovation Cycle (NEBIC) integrates IS and strategy research to offer an interesting and timely perspective on value creation. We extend Wheeler's theoretical propositions, highlighting the interplay between strategy, IS, and entrepreneurship in a quest for competitive advantage. This interplay is crucial to the creation of the dynamic capabilities that enable companies to gain an advantage through NEBIC. The importance of opportunity recognition and absorptive capacity in bringing about the changes that make NEBIC viable is also highlighted.

The dying process : patients' experiences of palliative care

Abstract: Taking as its focus a highly emotive area of study, The Dying Process draws on the experiences of daycare and hospice patients to provide a forceful new analysis of the period of decline prior to death. Placing the bodily realities of dying very firmly centre stage and questioning the ideology central to the modern hospice movement of enabling patients to 'live until they die', Julia Lawton shows how our concept of a 'good death' is open to interpretation. Her study examines the non-negotiable effects of a patient's bodily deterioration on their sense of self and, in so doing, offers a powerful new perspective in embodiment and emotion in death and dying. A detailed and subtle ethnographic study, The Dying Process engages with a range of deeply complex and ethically contentious issues surrounding the care of dying patients in hospices and elsewhere.

Relating Brandand Customer Perspectives on Marketing Management

Abstract: What is the difference between brand equity and customer equity? Does the distinction matter? Is there a difference between the firm’s brand asset and customer asset? What are the implications of taking a brand perspective versus a customer perspective when designing and implementing marketing programs? The objective of this article is to examine these two perspectives in depth so that researchers and managers can improve their understanding and use of customer and brand perspectives on marketing. The authors seek to determine the relationship between the two assets and perspectives in terms of similarities and differences. They examine the development of customer and brand perspectives and describe how each adds value to the firm and to the customer. Subsequently, they delineate possible approaches for measuring marketing assets. They discuss key issues researchers and practitioners should consider in managing marketing assets, particularly for multibrand companies. They conclude by suggesting future res...

Looking back in time: self-concept change affects visual perspective in autobiographical memory.

Abstract: People who change often report that their old selves seem like “different people.” Correlational (Study 1) and experimental (Studies 2 and 3) studies showed that participants tended to use a 3rd-person observer perspective when visualizing memories of actions that conflicted with their current self-concept. A similar pattern emerged when participants imagined performing actions that varied in self-concept compatibility (Study 4). The authors conclude that on-line judgments of an action’s self-concept compatibility affect the perspective used for image construction. Study 5 shows applied implications. Use of the 3rd-person perspective when recalling past episodes of overindulgent eating was related to optimism about behaving differently at an upcoming Thanksgiving dinner. The authors discuss the effect of self-concept compatibility on cognitive and emotional reactions to past actions and consider the role of causal attributions in defining the self across time.

Implicit learning and consciousness: A graded, dynamic perspective

Abstract: na a a am m m mi i i ic c c c p p p pe e e er r r rs s s sp p p pe e e ec c c ct t t ti i i iv v v ve e e e While the study of implicit learning is nothing new, the field as a whole has come to embody — over the last decade or so — ongoing questioning about three of the most fundamental debates in the cognitive sciences: The nature of consciousness, the nature of mental representation (in particular the difficult issue of abstraction), and the role of experience in shaping the cognitive system. Our main goal in this chapter is to offer a framework that attempts to integrate current thinking about these three issues in a way that specifically links consciousness with adaptation and learning. Our assumptions about this relationship are rooted in further assumptions about the nature of processing and of representation in cognitive systems. When considered together, we believe that these assumptions offer a new perspective on the relationships between conscious and unconscious processing and on the function of consciousness in cognitive systems. To begin in a way that reflects the goals of this volume, we can ask the question: " What is implicit learning for? " In asking this question, one presupposes that implicit learning is a special process that can be distinguished from, say, explicit learning or, even more pointedly, from learning tout court. The most salient feature attributed to implicit learning is of course that it is implicit, by which most researchers in the area actually mean unconscious. Hence the question "What is implicit learning for?" is in fact a way of asking about the function of consciousness in learning that specifically assumes that conscious and unconscious learning have different functions. The central idea that we will develop in this chapter is that conscious and unconscious learning are actually two different expressions of a single set of constantly operating graded, dynamic processes of adaptation. While this position emphasizes that conscious and unconscious processing differ only in degree rather than in kind, it is nevertheless not incompatible with the notion that consciousness has specific functions in the cognitive economy. Indeed, our main conclusion will be that the function of consciousness is to offer flexible adaptive control over behavior. By adaptive here, we do not mean simply the …

Changing Conversations in Organizations: A Complexity Approach to Change

Abstract: Drawing on the theoretical foundations laid out in earlier volumes of this series, this book describes an approach to organizational change and development that is informed by a complexity perspective. It clarifies the experience of being in the midst of change. Unlike many books that presume clarity of foresight or hindsight, the author focuses on the essential uncertainty of participating in evolving events as they happen and considers the creative possibilities of such participation. Most methodologies for organizational change are firmly rooted in systems thinking, as are many approaches to process consultation and facilitation. This book questions the suggestion that we can choose and design new futures for our organizations in the way we often hope. Avoiding the widely favoured use of two by two matrices, idealized schemas and simplified typologies that characterize much of the management literature on change, this book encourages the reader to live in the immediate paradoxes and complexities of organizational life, where we must act with intention into the unknowable. The author uses detailed reflective narrative to evoke and elaborate on the experience of participating in the conversational processes of human organizing. It asserts that possibilities are perpetually sustained and changed by the conversational life of organizations. This book will be valuable to consultants, managers and leaders, indeed all those who are dissatisfied with idealized models of change and are searching for ways to develop an effective change practice.

Medical applications of microarray technologies: a regulatory science perspective

Abstract: The potential medical applications of microarrays have generated much excitement, and some skepticism, within the biomedical community. Some researchers have suggested that within the decade microarrays will be routinely used in the selection, assessment, and quality control of the best drugs for pharmaceutical development, as well as for disease diagnosis and for monitoring desired and adverse outcomes of therapeutic interventions. Realizing this potential will be a challenge for the whole scientific community, as breakthroughs that show great promise at the bench often fail to meet the requirements of clinicians and regulatory scientists. The development of a cooperative framework among regulators, product sponsors, and technology experts will be essential for realizing the revolutionary promise that microarrays hold for drug development, regulatory science, medical practice and public health.

The Growth of CCTV: a global perspective on the international diffusion of video surveillance in publicly accessible space

Abstract: This editorial surveys the growth of video surveillance or Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) throughout the world, setting the scene for this special double issue of Surveillance and Society, on the politics and practice of CCTV, and provides a brief introduction to the contents of the issue.

At the Elbow of Another: Learning to Teach by Coteaching

Abstract: At the Elbow of Another is about teaching and learning to teach, written from the perspectives and experiences of two educators who teach and, in so doing, learn to teach. Teaching and learning to teach at the elbows of other teachers (including ourselves) provide us with new and different understandings and allow us to describe a different epistemology of teaching. We adopt a first-person perspective on teaching, sometimes our own and at other times that of peers but through the eyes of coparticipants engaged in an activity with the same primary intention of assisting students to learn. Throughout this book, we focus on teaching and learning to teach at different stages of the career ladder and explore different ways of conceiving the roles of researchers, supervisors, evaluators, cooperating teachers, and "new teachers."

Towards a theory of values-based labeling

Abstract: An outline of a theory ofvalues-based labeling as a social movementargues that it is motivated by the need tore-embed the agro-food economy in the largersocial economy. A review of some basic premisesof embeddedness theories derived from the workof Karl Polanyi reveals their connection toparticular values-based labeling efforts. Fromthis perspective, values-based labelingpresents itself as primarily an ethical andmoral effort to counter unsustainable trendswithin presently existing capitalism. Theselabels distinguish themselves from ordinarycommercial labels by a focus on processand on quality. Evaluating thetransformative potential and progressive natureof values-based labeling poses a key challenge.One avenue for gauging this potential isconventions theory. This approach can beadapted to consider the decision makingprocesses that go on within values-basedlabeling groups, as well as consumer decisionmaking based on such labels, as instances ofwhat is termed a politics of ethical judgment.The conclusion emphasizes the need for moreresearch in this area and suggests how it couldbe furthered.

Perspectives on Alternative Assessment Reform

Abstract: This article examines classroom assessment reform from four perspectives: technological, cultural, political, and postmodern. Each perspective highlights different issues and problems in the phenomenon of classroom assessment. The technological perspective focuses on issues of organization, structure, strategy, and skill in developing new assessment techniques. The cultural perspective examines how alternative assessments are interpreted and integrated into the social and cultural context of schools. The political perspective views assessment issues as being embedded in and resulting from the dynamics of power and control in human interaction. Here assessment problems are caused by inappropriate use, political and bureaucratic interference, or institutional priorities and requirements. Last, the postmodern perspective is based on the view that in today’s complex and uncertain world, human beings are not completely knowable and that “authentic” experiences and assessments are fundamentally questionable. Us...

Ageism in the workplace: A communication perspective.

Abstract: creasingly higher, the resultant “aging world” will undeniably affect all of us. It is not unrealistic, for example, to envision a world twenty years hence where “older individuals” wield considerably more political power, are more active in the workplace and in universities, and have a much greater stake in the world’s economic output. New attitudes on health care and older people’s roles in education will be forged, and questions will be raised about the fairness of social security and other payments that are taken for granted today. This chapter examines one of these developments: changes in the workplace. Demographic workforce projections for the new millennium paint a mixed picture for older workers. On the positive side, most economists predict future shortages of skilled younger workers (Steinhauser 1998; Walsh and Lloyd 1984), predictions that bode well for older workers who possess advanced job skills. In fact, a recent study by Hall and Mirvis (1994) suggests that the paucity of skilled people in America’s workforce is already a problem for management. In this study, 75 percent of employers interviewed stated that filling jobs for skilled workers was an ongoing problem. Moreover, as the baby boom generation moves into the 50and 60-year-old age brackets, it is likely that there will be a disproportionate number of younger workers to fill the jobs that these baby boomers vacate. This should serve as yet another positive sign for the older individuals of tomorrow who wish to work during their later years. Another school of thought on workplace trends paints a bleaker picture. Economists and academics who adhere to this line of thinking point to the imbalance between supply and demand of jobs today and question how these figures can be turned around in a matter of decades. With 1989 survey poll results showing that roughly 5.4 million older people reported being “ready and willing to work but unable to secure a job” (Louis Harris 6 Ageism in the Workplace: A Communication Perspective Robert McCann and Howard Giles