Showing papers on "Soybean oil published in 2015"

Soybean Oil Is More Obesogenic and Diabetogenic than Coconut Oil and Fructose in Mouse: Potential Role for the Liver

Abstract: The obesity epidemic in the U.S. has led to extensive research into potential contributing dietary factors, especially fat and fructose. Recently, increased consumption of soybean oil, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), has been proposed to play a causal role in the epidemic. Here, we designed a series of four isocaloric diets (HFD, SO-HFD, F-HFD, F-SO-HFD) to investigate the effects of saturated versus unsaturated fat, as well as fructose, on obesity and diabetes. C57/BL6 male mice fed a diet moderately high in fat from coconut oil and soybean oil (SO-HFD, 40% kcal total fat) showed statistically significant increases in weight gain, adiposity, diabetes, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance compared to mice on a diet consisting primarily of coconut oil (HFD). They also had fatty livers with hepatocyte ballooning and very large lipid droplets as well as shorter colonic crypt length. While the high fructose diet (F-HFD) did not cause as much obesity or diabetes as SO-HFD, it did cause rectal prolapse and a very fatty liver, but no balloon injury. The coconut oil diet (with or without fructose) increased spleen weight while fructose in the presence of soybean oil increased kidney weight. Metabolomics analysis of the liver showed an increased accumulation of PUFAs and their metabolites as well as γ-tocopherol, but a decrease in cholesterol in SO-HFD. Liver transcriptomics analysis revealed a global dysregulation of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) genes in SO-HFD versus HFD livers, most notably in the Cyp3a and Cyp2c families. Other genes involved in obesity (e.g., Cidec, Cd36), diabetes (Igfbp1), inflammation (Cd63), mitochondrial function (Pdk4) and cancer (H19) were also upregulated by the soybean oil diet. Taken together, our results indicate that in mice a diet high in soybean oil is more detrimental to metabolic health than a diet high in fructose or coconut oil.

Toughened bio-based epoxy blend network modified with transesterified epoxidized soybean oil: synthesis and characterization

Abstract: In the current study, soybean oil was epoxidized to form epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), which was then transesterified by a base catalyzed process to form epoxy methyl soyate (EMS), which was subsequently confirmed through FTIR and 1H NMR. In the second step, the EMS bioresin was blended with a petroleum based epoxy (DGEBA) in different composition ratios as a reactive diluent and their various properties were compared with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and commercial diluent (alkyl(C12–C14) glycidyl ether (AGE)) based epoxy blends. The rheological behavior of the pure epoxy, bioresins (ESO and EMS), AGE and modified epoxy blends was studied by applying the Cross model to investigate the flow behavior at variable shear rates. The critical stress intensity factor and critical strain energy release rate of all types of blends were determined using a single edge notch test, and the results were compared. It is observed that EMS has a comparable viscosity with AGE at both low and high shear rates and it also toughened the virgin epoxy effectively. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study shows an increase in the heat of curing reaction by the incorporation of a diluent, which confirms better contact with the curing agent, but the peak temperature shifts towards a higher value. The mechanical, thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of the EMS based system are found to be improved. The high intensity peak of the loss tangent curve indicates the superior damping properties of the EMS based formulation under vibrating conditions.

Quantification of Extra-virgin Olive Oil Adulteration with Soybean Oil: a Comparative Study of NIR, MIR, and Raman Spectroscopy Associated with Chemometric Approaches

Abstract: In this work, blends of olive and soybean oils were analyzed by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), and Raman techniques to evaluate adulterations in olive oils. A representative group of different commercial brands of soybean oil and extra-virgin olive oil were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector in order to explore the chemical similarity and composition of the fatty acid (FA) profile. Two stock solutions were prepared, one produced from a mixture of soybean oils and the other from the mixture of olive oils. From these stock solutions, 60 samples were prepared, simulating adulteration levels of extra-virgin olive oil with soybean oil between 0 and 100 %. It was possible to fit a model able to predict fraud within the interval investigated by partial least squares regression approach, with precision and accuracy values for root mean squared error of prediction of 1.76 (NIR), 4.89 (MIR), and 1.57 (Raman) and coefficient of determination R 2 greater than 0.98 for the three techniques. The methodologies demonstrated to be very useful for the quantification of extra-virgin olive oil adulteration with soybean oil, presenting short analysis time, low cost, and absence of sample preparation procedures as main advantages.

Characterization of K2O/CaO-ZnO Catalyst for Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel

Abstract: In this study, heterogeneous solid base catalysts (K2O/CaO-ZnO) were developed and characterized for transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel. In the catalyst, CaO-ZnO prepared by coprecipitation was promoted by K2O by impregnation method. The catalysts were characterized by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area. The catalysts were compared to ZnO and CaO-ZnO catalysts to study their activities in the transesterification process under suitable conditions (reaction temperature of 60 oC, catalyst loading of 6 wt.%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 15:1, and reaction time of 4 h). From the catalyst testing results, the 2 wt.% K2O/CaO-ZnO showed the highest catalytic activity with Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) yield of 81.08%. The incorporation of K2O on the CaO-ZnO catalyst enhanced the catalytic transesterification activity due to increasing its basicity and surface area.

Use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to detect the changes in extra virgin olive oil by adulteration with soybean oil and high temperature heat treatment

Abstract: Abstract The structural changes induced in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) by adulteration with soybean oil (SBO) and heat treatment at 185°C for 4 and 8 h were investigated using Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Our results revealed that the band around 3006 cm–1 recorded shifts versus the percentage of adulterant. The changes in the absorbance at 3006 cm−1 (A3006) and in the ratio of the maximum heights of the bands at 3006 and 2925 cm−1 (A3006/A2925) were used to evaluate the EVOO adulteration. The regression analysis of A3006 and A3006/A2925 versus the percentage of adulterant was used to calculate the detection limits of adulteration. The time course of spectral changes showed that the oil heating caused notable modifications in the intensity of the absorption bands and induced no shifts in their exact position. The most relevant changes were reflected by conjugation and cis-trans isomerisation of double bonds, the formation of epoxides and widening of the band in the C=O region due to formation of secondary oxidation products. This study highlights that ATR-FTIR spectroscopy may be a promising means to differentiate among pure and adulterated oils and to study the thermooxidative processes in oils undergoing thermal stress. Graphical Abstract

The changes in the volatile aldehydes formed during the deep-fat frying process

Abstract: Volatile aldehydes (VAs) formed during soybean oil (SBO) heating, wheat dough (WD) frying, and chicken breast meat (CBM) frying processes were comparatively investigated by solid-phase micro-extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). The results showed that relative amounts (RAs) of the most detected VAs were firstly increased to maximum values in oil samples collected at the second hour of the seventh day and the values were then decreased with the increase in the time of oil heating process (control). However, for food frying processes, the time needed for reaching maximum RAs of VAs was shorter and the values were decreased with the increase in frying time. Significant change in contents of the VAs was observed for oil samples fried with CBM due to the high contents of water, protein, and lipid content compared to oil samples fried with WD. Based on the obtained results, free radical reaction, particularly positional isomerization and cis-trans isomerization, was deduced to occur when WD or CBM was fried in SBO. The relatively high RAs of VAs formed during the deep-fat frying process presented certain invaluable measures for evaluating of frying oil and fried food quality and safety.

Active Acid Catalyst of Sulphated Zinc Oxide for Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Methanol to Biodiesel

Abstract: Active solid acid catalysts of sulphated zinc oxide (SO 4 2- -ZnO and SO 4 2- /ZnO) were prepared and characterized. The solid acid catalysts were investigated for their performance on transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The SO 4 2- -ZnO and SO 4 2- /ZnO catalysts were prepared by coprecipitation and impregnation respectively to compare their performance for biodiesel production. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FT-IR), while the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) component in biodiesel product was identified by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) and FT-IR. The SO 4 2- -ZnO catalyst, prepared by coprecipitation, showed better performance for the transesterification process than the SO 4 2- /ZnO catalyst, prepared by wet impregnation. The trend of performance of both catalyst was due to effect of sulfonate incorporation into the zinc oxide structure to form active acid sites. From the catalyst testing on transesterification of soybean oil with methanol at mild conditions (temperature of 65 °C, methanol to oil mole ratio of 6, and 4 wt% of catalyst loading), the SO 4 2- -ZnO catalyst exhibited promising FAME yield of 80.19% at 4 h reaction time. Therefore, the SO 4 2- -ZnO catalyst showed potential as a catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil to produce biodiesel.

Immobilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase on hydrophobic supports and application in biodiesel synthesis by transesterification of vegetable oils in solvent-free systems.

Abstract: This work describes the preparation of biocatalysts for ethanolysis of soybean and babassu oils in solvent-free systems. Polystyrene, Amberlite (XAD-7HP), and octyl-silica were tested as supports for the immobilization of Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase (PFL). The use of octyl-silica resulted in a biocatalyst with high values of hydrolytic activity (650.0 ± 15.5 IU/g), immobilization yield (91.3 ± 0.3 %), and recovered activity (82.1 ± 1.5 %). PFL immobilized on octyl-silica was around 12-fold more stable than soluble PFL, at 45 °C and pH 8.0, in the presence of ethanol at 36 % (v/v). The biocatalyst provided high vegetable oil transesterification yields of around 97.5 % after 24 h of reaction using babassu oil and around 80 % after 48 h of reaction using soybean oil. The PFL-octyl-silica biocatalyst retained around 90 % of its initial activity after five cycles of transesterification of soybean oil. Octyl-silica is a promising support that can be used to immobilize PFL for subsequent application in biodiesel synthesis.

Biofuels production from hydrothermal decarboxylation of oleic acid and soybean oil over Ni-based transition metal carbides supported on Al-SBA-15

Abstract: Several Ni-based transition metal carbide catalysts supported on Al-SBA-15 were studied for the hydrothermal decarboxylation of oleic acid and soybean oil to produce diesel range hydrocarbons with no added H2. The effect of pre-reduction, sub-critical, and super-critical water conditions on the catalyst activity and selectivity was investigated. Both the conversion of oleic acid and selectivity of decarboxylation products under super-critical conditions for each catalyst were about two times greater than at sub-critical conditions. In addition, the potential of these catalysts for utilizing aqueous phase reforming (APR) of glycerol for in situ H2 production to meet process demands was demonstrated. The performance of the catalysts increases with the addition of glycerol, especially for the NiWC/Al-SBA-15 catalyst. With the addition of glycerol, the NiWC/Al-SBA-15 catalyst showed greater conversion of oleic acid and selectivity to heptadecane; however, most of the oleic acid was hydrogenated to produce stearic acid. The highest conversion of oleic acid and selectivity for heptadecane was 97.3% and 5.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the NiWC/Al-SBA-15 catalyst exhibited good potential for hydrolyzing triglycerides (soybean oil) to produce fatty acids and glycerol, and then generating H2 in situ from the APR of the glycerol produced. A complete conversion of soybean oil and hydrogenation of produced oleic acid were obtained over the NiWC/Al-SBA-15 at super-critical conditions.