Showing papers on "Transesterification published in 2020"
TL;DR: In this article, a magnetically recyclable solid catalyst was developed for the transformation of low-cost oils to biodiesel via simultaneous transesterification and esterification in an efficient and environmentally benign manner.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art and perspectives for catalytic biodiesel production and assesses the critical operational variables that influence biodiesel synthesis along with the technological solutions for sustainable implementation of the process.
Abstract: Biodiesel is one of the potential alternative energy sources that can be derived from renewable and low-grade origin through different processes. One of the processes is alcoholysis or transesterification in the presence of a suitable catalyst. The catalyst can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. This article reviews various catalysts used for biodiesel production to date, presents the state of the art of types of catalysts and compares their suitability and associated challenges in the transesterification process. Biodiesel production using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis has been studied extensively and novel heterogeneous catalysts are being continuously investigated. Homogeneous catalysts are generally efficient in converting biodiesel with low free fatty acid (FFA) and water containing single-origin feedstock. Heterogeneous catalysts, on the other hand, provide superior activity, range of selectivity, good FFA and water adaptability. The quantity and strengths of active acid or basic sites control these properties. Some of the heterogeneous catalysts such as zirconia and zeolite-based catalysts can be used as both basic and acidic catalyst by suitable alteration. Heterogeneous catalysts from waste and biocatalysts play an essential role in attaining a sustainable alternative to traditional homogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Recently, high catalytic efficiency at mild operating conditions has drawn attention to nanocatalysts. This review evaluates the state of the art and perspectives for catalytic biodiesel production and assesses the critical operational variables that influence biodiesel production along with the technological solutions for sustainable implementation of the process.
206 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an extreme learning machine integrated with cuckoo search algorithm was developed to predict and optimize the process parameters of microwave irradiation-assisted transesterification process conditions.
190 citations
TL;DR: The experiment results demonstrate that heterogeneous catalyst synthesized at 600 °C showed maximum fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) conversion (98%) at alcohol:oil (25:1), catalyst loading (1.5% w/v) and temperature 65°C.
166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the significance of the four reaction parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, catalyst concentration, mixing speed, and reaction time and their combined effect on biodiesel yield is investigated through twenty-nine of the pre-designed and performed experiments.
126 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors optimize the reaction parameter that affects the transesterification process for the biodiesel yield by using Snail shell CaO nanocatalyst for transterification.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focused on the use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgal oil as a reliable feedstock with a comparison to other available feedstocks.
Abstract: The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increased environmental concerns related to fossil fuel production and combustion has forced the global communities to search for renewable fuels. In this regard, microalgae-based biodiesel has been considered as one of the interesting alternatives. Biodiesel production from the cultivation of microalgae is eco-friendly and sustainable. Moreover, microalgae have several advantages over other bioenergy sources, including their good photosynthetic capacity and faster growth rates. The productivity of microalgae per unit land area is also significantly higher than that of terrestrial plants. The produced microalgae biomass is rich with high quality lipids, which can be converted into biodiesel by transesterification reactions. Generally, the transesterification reactions are carried out in the presence of a homogeneous or heterogeneous catalyst. The homogeneous catalysts have many disadvantages, including their single use, slow reaction rate and saponification issues due to the presence of fatty acids in the feedstock. The acidic nature of the homogeneous catalysts also causes equipment corrosion. On the other hand, the heterogeneous catalysts offer several advantages, including their reusability, higher reaction rate and selectivity, easy product/catalyst separation and low cost. Due to these facts, the development of solid phase transesterification catalysts have been receiving growing interest. The present review is focused on the use of heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production from microalgal oil as a reliable feedstock with a comparison to other available feedstocks. It also highlights optimal reaction conditions for maximum biodiesel yields, reusability of the solid catalysts, cost, and environmental impact. The superior lipid content of microalgae and the efficient concurrent esterification and transesterification of the solid acid−base catalysts can offer new advancements in biodiesel production.
103 citations
TL;DR: The present work considered the effects of different parameters on biodiesel production using central composite design to determine optimal conditions and showed the highest biodiesel conversion yield ever achieved from waste edible oil.
97 citations
TL;DR: Early epoxy vitrimers in the literature rely on an inequivalent epoxy/anhydride stoichiometry and a large amount of catalyst to achieve a decent transesterification rate within the crosslinked netw...
Abstract: Early epoxy vitrimers in the literature rely on an inequivalent epoxy/anhydride stoichiometry and a large amount of catalyst to achieve a decent transesterification rate within the crosslinked netw...
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the feasibility of utilizing Musa spp "Pisang Awak" peduncle derived ash as a highly effective renewable heterogeneous basic catalyst for transesterification of underutilized non-edible Ceiba pentandra oil (CPO) was investigated.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of cuprospinel CuFe2O4 nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for effective and sustainable biodiesel production via waste frying oil (WFO) transesterification process was investigated.
TL;DR: GC-MS analysis of algal biodiesel showed the prominent presence of palmitic and oleic acids, further advocating the suitability of the technology for commercial application.
TL;DR: In this article, the optimal reaction parameters for maximum biodiesel yield (90 −± 0.25%) were identified as 0.6%w/w catalyst loading, 10.6:1 methanol to waste cooking ratio, 559rpm mixing intensity and 63 min reaction time.
TL;DR: The present research work is aimed at reducing the consumption of reactants by process optimization and economic analysis of large-scale commercial plant using techno-economic analysis and environmental studies on transesterification reaction were done using green chemistry parameters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of methanol and n-pentanol pre-injection in the inlet manifold with safflower oil biodiesel (B100) as base fuel replacing diesel was studied.
TL;DR: In this paper, a quadratic model was created to predict the biodiesel yield where the R2 value was found to be 0.97, which indicates the satisfactory accuracy of the model.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrated the preparation of sodium oxide impregnated on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and its application as a heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of waste cooking oil.
TL;DR: In this article, a robust base-catalyzed transesterification reaction mechanism was proposed based on FTIR result, which showed high turnover frequency and meager value of Environmental-factor which implies the catalyst is well efficient for fast production of biodiesel with minute waste generation.
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive experimental study for KOH and CaO catalyzed transesterification process with detailed process optimization was performed to confirm the relative importance of US compared to Mechanical Stirring (MS).
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-industrial pilot was investigated under different conditions for biodiesel production and optimizing the operating conditions, including reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, volume ratio of oil-to-methanol and residence time.
TL;DR: In this paper, a low-cost and green NaAlO2/γ-Al2O3 heterogeneous nanocatalyst was used for catalyzing transesterification of palm oil with methanol for the biodiesel production.
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of a biomass-derived orange peel ash (OPA), which contains a porous structure, as a raw heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, activated carbon (AC) powder prepared by lotus leaves was impregnated with CuFe2O4 nanoparticles and the activated carbon powder was then encapsulated with CaO.
TL;DR: Waste Sesamum indicum plant derived heterogeneous catalyst was utilized for the first time for biodiesel synthesis from sunflower oil as discussed by the authors, and the derived catalyst was characterized by using powder XRD, FT-IR, BET, TGA, XRF, AAS, XPS, SEM-EDX and TEM, and the characterization revealed the presence of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Si, Sr and Cl with high percentage of K (29.64
TL;DR: In this paper, the physicochemical properties of sesame biodiesel are compared with those of biodiesel derived from other vegetable oils, and it is shown that blending SSO with palm oil before transesterification will successfully improve the cold flow properties and oxidation stability of palm methyl ester (biodiesel).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the various ways in which DMC has been used in biodiesel production, starting from its usefulness in in-situ transesterification and extraction processes to its application in supercritical and non-supercritical transesterion processes.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel nanocatalyst (GO@ZrO2-SrO) was synthesized via co-precipitation method by the combination of both potential graphene oxide and bimetal zirconium/strontium oxide nanoparticles.
TL;DR: Magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) of Ni 0.5 Zn 0.4, successfully synthesized by combustion reaction, with special differential in the production, starting from the scale of 10 to 200 kg/production, were used and reused as heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalysts in the reactions of biodiesel production as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The synthesized nano-biocatalyst based on bare and functionalized magnetic graphene oxide was applied and optimized in the process of converting microalgae bio-oil to biodiesel for the first time and compared with bare lipase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles.
Abstract: Microalgae, due to its well-recognized advantages have gained renewed interest as potentially good feedstock for biodiesel. Production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) as a type of biodiesel was carried out from Chlorella vulgaris bio-oil. Biodiesel was produced in the presence of nano-biocatalysts composed of immobilized lipase on functionalized superparamagnetic few-layer graphene oxide via a transesterification reaction. A hybrid of few-layer graphene oxide and Fe3O4 (MGO) was prepared and characterized. The MGO was functionalized with 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (MGO–AP) as well as with a couple of AP and glutaraldehyde (MGO–AP–GA). The Rhizopus oryzae lipase (ROL) was immobilized on MGO and MGO–AP using electrostatic interactions as well as on MGO–AP–GA using covalent bonding. The supports, MGO, MGO–AP, and MGO–AP–GA, as well as nano-biocatalyst, ROL/MGO, ROL/MGO–AP, and ROL/MGO–AP–GA, were characterized using FESEM, VSM, FTIR, and XRD. The few-layer graphene oxide was characterized using AFM and the surface charge of supports was evaluated with the zeta potential technique. The nano-biocatalysts assay was performed with an evaluation of kinetic parameters, loading capacity, relative activity, time-course thermal stability, and storage stability. Biodiesel production was carried out in the presence of nano-biocatalysts and their reusability was evaluated in 5 cycles of transesterification reaction. The AFM analysis confirmed the few-layer structure of graphene oxide and VSM also confirmed that all supports were superparamagnetic. The maximum loading of ROL (70.2%) was related to MGO–AP–GA. The highest biodiesel conversion of 71.19% achieved in the presence of ROL/MGO–AP–GA. Furthermore, this nano-biocatalyst could maintain 58.77% of its catalytic performance after 5 cycles of the transesterification reaction and was the best catalyst in the case of reusability. In this study, the synthesized nano-biocatalyst based on bare and functionalized magnetic graphene oxide was applied and optimized in the process of converting microalgae bio-oil to biodiesel for the first time and compared with bare lipase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. Results showed that the loading capacity, kinetic parameters, thermal stability, and storage stability improved by the functionalization of MGO. The biocatalysts, which were prepared via covalent bonding immobilization of enzyme generally, showed better characteristics.
TL;DR: In this paper, a clean method for biodiesel production was developed using frying palm oil (FPO) and free Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) as feedstock and catalyst, respectively.