Showing papers on "Wastewater published in 2003"
TL;DR: A closer look will be taken at the mechanisms of both plants in constructed wetlands and the microorganisms in the root zone which come into play when they remove contaminants from wastewater.
1,042 citations
TL;DR: Enterobacterial ampC resistance genes encoding beta-lactamase activities were amplified by PCR from wastewater, surface water and drinking water biofilms, indicating possible gene transfer to autochthonous drinking water bacteria.
889 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the state-of-the-art in the analysis of several groups of emerging contaminants (acidic pharmaceuticals, antibacterial agents, acidic pesticides and surfactant metabolites) in wastewaters is reviewed.
Abstract: The occurrence of trace organic contaminants in wastewaters, their behavior during wastewater treatment and production of drinking water are key issues in the re-use of water resources. Elimination of different classes of emerging contaminants, such as surfactant degradates, pharmaceuticals and polar pesticides in wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs) was found to be rather low, so sewage effluents are one of the main sources of these compounds and their treatment-resistant metabolites. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in the analysis of several groups of emerging contaminants (acidic pharmaceuticals, antibacterial agents, acidic pesticides and surfactant metabolites) in wastewaters. It also discusses the elimination of emerging contaminants in WWTPs applying conventional activated sludge treatment (AST) and advanced treatment processes, such as membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), as well as during production of drinking water.
728 citations
TL;DR: Caffeine concentrations in lakes correlated with the anthropogenic burden by domestic wastewaters, demonstrating the suitability of caffeine as a marker.
Abstract: The suitability of caffeine as a chemical marker for surface water pollution by domestic wastewaters was assessed in this study. Caffeine concentrations in influents and effluents of Swiss wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, 7−73 and 0.03−9.5 μg/L, respectively) indicated an efficient elimination of 81−99.9%. Corresponding loads in untreated wastewater showed small variations when normalized for the population discharging to the WWTPs (15.8 ± 3.8 mg person-1 d-1), reflecting a rather constant consumption. WWTP effluent loads were considerably lower (0.06 ± 0.03 mg person-1 d-1), apart from installations with low sludge age (≤5 d, loads up to 4.4 mg person-1 d-1). Despite the efficient removal in most WWTPs, caffeine was ubiquitously found in Swiss lakes and rivers (6−250 ng/L), except for remote mountain lakes (<2 ng/L; analytical procedure for wastewater and natural waters: SPE, GC−MS−SIM or GC−MS−MS−MRM, internal standard 13C3-labeled caffeine). Caffeine concentrations in lakes correlated with the anth...
702 citations
TL;DR: Sewage sludge is suggested as the main reservoir of FQ residues and the importance of sludge management strategies to determine whether most of the human-excreted FQs enter the environment is outlined.
Abstract: The behavior of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) during mechanical−biological wastewater treatment was studied by mass flow analysis. In addition, the fate of FQs in agricultural soils after sludge application was investigated. Concentrations of FQs in filtered wastewater (raw sewage, primary, secondary, and tertiary effluents) were determined using solid-phase extraction with mixed phase cation exchange disk cartridges and reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. FQs in suspended solids, sewage sludge (raw, excess, and anaerobically digested sludge), and sludge-treated soils were determined as described for the aqueous samples but preceded by accelerated solvent extraction. Wastewater treatment resulted in a reduction of the FQ mass flow of 88−92%, mainly due to sorption on sewage sludge. A sludge-wastewater partition coefficient (log Kd ∼ 4) was calculated in the activated sludge reactors with a hydraulic residence time of about 8 h. No significant removal of FQs occur...
680 citations
TL;DR: In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain.
Abstract: Goal, Scope and Background. Heavy metal is among one of the pollutants, which cause severe threats to humans and the environment in China. The aim of the present review is to make information on the source of heavy metal pollution, distribution of heavy metals in the environment, and measures of pollution control accessible internationally, which are mostly published in Chinese. Methods. Information from scientific journals, university journals and governmental releases are compiled focusing mainly on Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn. Partly Al, As, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn and Ni are included also in part as well. Results and Discussion. In soil, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.097, 22.6, 26.0 and 74.2 mg/kg, respectively. In the water of. the Yangtze River Basin, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn are 0.080, 7.91, 15.7 and 18.7 pg/L, respectively. In reference to human activities, the heavy metal pollution comes from three sources: industrial emission, wastewater and solid waste. The environment such as soil, water and air were polluted by heavy metals in some cases. The contents of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn even reach 3.16, 99.3, 84.1 and 147 mg/kg, respectively, in the soils of a wastewater irrigation zone. These contaminants pollute drinking water and food, and threaten human health. Some diseases resulting from pollution of geological and environmental origin, were observed with long-term and non-reversible effects. Conclusions. In China, the geological background level of heavy metal is low, but with the activity of humans, soil, water, air, and plants are polluted by heavy metals in some cases and even affect human health through the food chain. Recommendations and Outlook. To remediate and improve environmental quality is a long strategy for the polluted area to keep humans and animals healthy. Phytoremediation would be an effective technique to remediate the heavy metal pollutions.
588 citations
TL;DR: These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate) and the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments are addressed.
Abstract: Many countries strive to reduce the emissions of nitrogen compounds (ammonia, nitrate, NOx) to the surface waters and the atmosphere. Since mainstream domestic wastewater treatment systems are usually already overloaded with ammonia, a dedicated nitrogen removal from concentrated secondary or industrial wastewaters is often more cost-effective than the disposal of such wastes to domestic wastewater treatment. The cost-effectiveness of separate treatment has increased dramatically in the past few years, since several processes for the biological removal of ammonia from concentrated waste streams have become available. Here, we review those processes that make use of new concepts in microbiology: partial nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (the anammox process). These processes target the removal of ammonia from gases, and ammonium-bicarbonate from concentrated wastewaters (i.e. sludge liquor and landfill leachate). The review addresses the microbiology, its consequences for their application, the current status regarding application, and the future developments.
511 citations
TL;DR: It is possible under the conditions of this study to treat high ammonia synthetic wastewater achieving an accumulation of at least 65% of the loaded nitrogen as nitrite, operating at a DO around 0.7mg/L, which represents a reduction close to 20% in the oxygen necessary, and therefore a considerable saving in aeration.
503 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a hollow fiber membrane microfiltration unit was employed to treat two types of activated sludge wastewater of different particle size distributions, and the performance of a combination of various membrane cleaning methods, such as clean water backwashing, sonication, and chemical cleaning, was investigated.
463 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology, Handbook ofWater and Wastewater microbiology , کتابخانه دیجیتالی علوم پزشکی و شهید بهشتی.
Abstract: Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology , Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی
442 citations
TL;DR: The results show that in most of the cases studied, the presence of organic compounds enhances the uptake of ammonium ion onto the ion exchangers, and ion exchange offers a number of advantages including the able to handle shock loadings and the ability to operate over a wider range of temperatures.
TL;DR: The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily accumulated in theSludge, while 47-63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in thetreated effluent.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of a combined reduction-biological treatment system for the decolorization of non-biodegradable textile dyeing wastewater was investigated, where a bisulfite-catalyzed sodium borohydride reduction was used in order to remove the color at ambient temperature and pressure.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study on greywater reuse in Jordan is presented to shed some lights on its role in sustainable water management, concluding that current environmental policies should aim to control pollution and to maximize recycling and reuse of greywater within households and communities.
TL;DR: Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences of the 72 clones developed from the sludge at pH 6.0 shows that 85.7% of the clones were closely affiliated with genus Thermoanaerobacterium in family Thermoanobacteriaceae; the remaining 14.3% were with an uncultured Saccharococcus sp.
TL;DR: The results of this investigation showed that the ozonation process is capable of achieving high levels of COD and aromaticity removals at about their natural pH values.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the human-use antibiotic concentrations in hospital and municipal wastewaters and in the aquatic environment and discussed the input sources and behavior in wastewater treatment and rivers.
Abstract: Environmental analytical studies show that trace concentrations of antibacterial agents (antibiotics) occur in hospital and municipal wastewaters and in the aquatic environment. Fluoroquinolones and macrolides, two important human-use antibiotic classes, were studied in detail. The results are discussed regarding input sources and behavior in wastewater treatment and rivers. The fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin are substantially eliminated in wastewater treatment (80-90%) by sorption transfer to sewage sludge. In digested sludges the fluoroquinolones occur at mg/kg levels. Ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin are further removed in the Glatt river by 66 and 48%, respectively. The most abundant macrolide clarithromycin was detected at 57 to 330 ng/l concentrations in treated wastewater effluents. Different compositions of the macrolides (clarithromycin and erythromycin-H 2 O) determined in treated effluents of three wastewater treatment plants can be explained by distinct consumption patterns, in one case due to an international airport located in the catchment area. Residual levels of clarithromycin in the Glatt river were up to 75 ng/l with no apparent removal in the river. These results provide important information on environmental exposures, which can be incorporated into environmental risk assessments of the particular chemicals.
TL;DR: Most of the in-flowing material is not recovered as the parent compound but it is likely that it is transformed to other metabolites or unrecovered bound residues in the sludge.
TL;DR: Analyses of samples of municipal wastewater effluents and surface waters indicate that the method provides a robust and reproducible measurement of NDMA precursors over a wide range of conditions and demonstrates that NDMA formation during chlorination of wastewater and natural waters cannot be explained by dimethylamine concentrations alone.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the removal efficiency of fecal bacteria, biological oxygen demand (BOD), and total suspended solids (TSS) in 12 constructed wetlands treating secondary effluent from single household domestic wastewater in Kentucky.
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of high-pH-magnesium coagulation-flocculation processes in wastewater treatment, describes their applicability and reveals the contribution of such treatment strategies to the chemical clarification of various wastewaters.
TL;DR: In this article, an inventory of the consumption of household chemicals including a diary survey of water-consuming activities was carried out over seven consecutive days in a block of flats in London.
Abstract: Despite contributing 75% of the total wastewater flow to domestic sewers, little is currently known concerning the detailed production patterns and characteristics of grey wastewater. In this study, an inventory of the consumption of household chemicals including a diary survey of water-consuming activities was carried out over seven consecutive days in a block of flats. In total 290 parameters in 92 household chemicals were registered in the inventory in which 30 out of 38 tenants participated. The study was accompanied by quantitative analyses of selected parameters and a screening for organic components in grey wastewater. More than 190 individual components were identified by GC-MS. Identified substances were grouped into eight substance classes based on their application and their concentrations were semi-quantitatively assessed. Several fragrances like citronellol, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and menthol as well as some preservatives, e.g. citric acid and triclosan, were identified. The measurements also showed that unwanted and unexpected compounds like drugs and pesticides could be present, as well as chemicals not directly deriving from household chemicals or personal care products, e.g. flame-retardants. The inventory provided detailed information about the consumption of various types of household chemicals, but no information on compound concentrations could be assessed due to the limited data in the list of contents of the household chemicals. It was shown that tracking of potentially toxic compounds used in households was possible.
TL;DR: Results indicated that anaerobic treatment of textile wastewater studied was possible with the supplementation of an external carbon source in the form of glucose (about 2g/l) and the corresponding maximum COD, BOD and color removals were found to be around 82%, 94% and 59%, respectively, for HRT of around 24h and OLR of 3 kg COD/m(3)/d.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil fertility and chemical characteristics was evaluated in three field experiments at a farmer's field near Ramtha Wastewater Treatment Plant.
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on soil fertility and chemical characteristics. Three field experiments were conducted at a farmer's field near Ramtha Wastewater Treatment Plant. Corn (Zea mays) was planted for two seasons as a summer crop while vetch (Vicia sativa) for one season as a winter crop. Plots were irrigated with either potable water (PW) or wastewater (WW) in amount according to the following treatments: i) potable water equivalent to 100% class A pan reading (PW); ii) wastewater equivalent to 100% class A pan reading (WW1); iii) PW with application fertilizer equivalent to N and P content of WW (PWF) and iv) wastewater equivalent to 125% class A pan reading (WW2). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Soil samples were taken before and at the end of the growing season and were analyzed for soil parameters. WW samples were taken and analyzed periodically for major characteristics. WW analysis indi...
TL;DR: This paper attempts to review those chemical-assisted sludge reduction processes, including sludge alkaline-thermal treatment,activated sludge-ozonation process, chlorination-combined activated sludge process, sludge Reduction by metabolic uncouplers and high dissolved oxygen activated sludging process.
TL;DR: It is shown that anaerobic stabilization of sludge caused an increase in heavy metal contents on dry weight basis and the order of increase inheavy metal contents in digested sludge was opposite to that of their contents removal from influent wastewater.
TL;DR: Experiments performed by precipitating these minerals in solutions containing B, Cr, Mo, and Se oxyanions at conditions relevant to lime-leaching of fly ash as well as to fly ash containing concrete showed the uptake of all four anions by hydrocalumite and ettringite was high and the reduction of anion concentrations to below drinking water standards was able.
Abstract: Boron, chromium, molybdenum, and selenium often occur in high concentrations in fly ash leachates. During the leaching of fly ash in alkaline environments, hydrocalumite (Ca4Al2(OH)12(OH)2·6H2O) and ettringite (Ca6Al2(OH)12(SO4)3·26H2O) form as secondary precipitates. In this study, the removal of B, Cr, Mo, and Se oxyanions from high pH waters by incorporation into hydrocalumite and ettringite was examined. Experiments were performed by precipitating these minerals in solutions containing B, Cr, Mo, and Se oxyanions at conditions relevant to lime-leaching of fly ash as well as to fly ash containing concrete. The uptake of all four anions by hydrocalumite and ettringite was high. Anion uptake by hydrocalumite was larger than that by ettringite, and hydrocalumite was able to reduce anion concentrations to below drinking water standards. Ettringite showed an anion preference in the order of B(OH)4- > SeO42- > CrO42- > MoO42-. In contrast, borate was least preferred by hydrocalumite. Coordination, size, and ...
TL;DR: In this paper, a synthesis of articles dealing with the rheological characterisation of biological wastewater treatment plant sludges (activated or concentrated ones) and some other concentrated suspensions such as microorganism ones is presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the fate of selected PPCPs during ground water recharge at two water reuse sites where secondary and tertiary treated waste water is used for subsequent groundwater recharge.
Abstract: Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have recently been detected in the aquatic environment. Many studies have identified domestic waste water discharge as the source for detectable concentrations of PPCPs in surface water. PPCPs are a concern for the aquatic environment when production and use are sufficiently large and physicochemical properties are appropriate. Hydrophilic PPCPs present in surface water or waste water may also affect ground water quality where water is used to recharge ground water. However, less is known about how efficiently PPCPs are removed during percolation through the subsurface. The scope of this study was to examine the fate of selected PPCPs during ground water recharge at two water reuse sites where secondary and tertiary treated waste water is used for subsequent ground water recharge. The ground water recharge sites selected differ in aboveground treatment and geohydrological settings. The selected pharmaceutials represent blood lipid regulators, analgesics/anti-inflammatories, blood viscosity agents, and antiepileptics. Organic iodine was used as a surrogate parameter for X-ray contrast agents. Composite samples of treated waste water and from ground water monitoring wells were collected and analyzed for Pharmaceuticals using gas chromatography with mass spectroscopic detection.
The study revealed that the stimulant caffeine, analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, and fenoprofen, and blood lipid regulators such as gemfibrozil were efficiently removed to concentrations near or below the detection limit of the analytical method after retention times of less than six months during ground water recharge. The antiepileptics carbamazepine and primidone were not removed during ground water recharge under either anoxic saturated or aerobic unsaturated flow conditions during travel times of up to eight years. Organic iodine showed a partial removal only under anoxic, saturated conditions as compared to aerobic conditions and persisted in the recharged ground water.
TL;DR: The SBR proved to be a very flexible tool, and was particularly suitable for the treatment of piggery wastewater, characterized by high nutrient content and by frequent changes in composition and therefore affecting process conditions.