École Normale Supérieure

About: École Normale Supérieure is a other organization based out in Paris, Île-de-France, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Catalysis. The organization has 68439 authors who have published 99414 publications receiving 3092008 citations.

A Survey of Real-Time Strategy Game AI Research and Competition in StarCraft

Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the existing work on AI for real-time strategy (RTS) games. Specifically, we focus on the work around the game StarCraft, which has emerged in the past few years as the unified test bed for this research. We describe the specific AI challenges posed by RTS games, and overview the solutions that have been explored to address them. Additionally, we also present a summary of the results of the recent StarCraft AI competitions, describing the architectures used by the participants. Finally, we conclude with a discussion emphasizing which problems in the context of RTS game AI have been solved, and which remain open.

Assessing the Ability of LSTMs to Learn Syntax-Sensitive Dependencies

Abstract: The success of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural networks in language processing is typically attributed to their ability to capture long-distance statistical regularities. Linguistic regularities are often sensitive to syntactic structure; can such dependencies be captured by LSTMs, which do not have explicit structural representations? We begin addressing this question using number agreement in English subject-verb dependencies. We probe the architecture's grammatical competence both using training objectives with an explicit grammatical target (number prediction, grammaticality judgments) and using language models. In the strongly supervised settings, the LSTM achieved very high overall accuracy (less than 1% errors), but errors increased when sequential and structural information conflicted. The frequency of such errors rose sharply in the language-modeling setting. We conclude that LSTMs can capture a non-trivial amount of grammatical structure given targeted supervision, but stronger architectures may be required to further reduce errors; furthermore, the language modeling signal is insufficient for capturing syntax-sensitive dependencies, and should be supplemented with more direct supervision if such dependencies need to be captured.

Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence of pain inhibition from midbrain stimulation in the cat

Abstract: Midbrain stimulation in chronically implanted, awake cats in the vicinity of dorsal raphe nucleus evoked profound analgesia to peripherally applied noxious stimuli. Analgesia was not accompanied by other obvious sensory or motor deficits. The peripheral field of analgesia sometimes included the entire body and in other cases was restricted to the hindquarters. Analgesia generally outlasted brain stimulation by no more than 10 sec. Stimulation distant from dorsal raphe led to pronounced motor or emotional effects precluding an adequate test of analgesia. In anesthetized cats, effects of midbrain stimulation were studied on evoked activity in dorsal horn lamina 4 and 5 cells. Stimulation of wide regions of midbrain inhibited pain-evoked activity in most lamina 5 cells without affecting responses of most lamina 4 cells. In some lamina 5 cells, midbrain stimulation inhibited responses to noxious but not innocuous stimuli. The possible role of lamina 5 cells in nociception and the possible relationship between analgesia and lamina 5 cell inhibition are discussed.

Elastic theory of flux lattices in the presence of weak disorder.

Abstract: The effect of weak impurity disorder on flux lattices at equilibrium is studied quantitatively in the absence of free dislocations using both the Gaussian variational method and the renormalization group. Our results for the mean-square relative displacements B\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}(x)=〈u(x)-u(0)${\mathrm{〉}}^{2}$\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} clarify the nature of the crossovers with distance. We find three regimes: (i) a short distance regime (``Larkin regime'') whre elasticity holds, (ii) an intermediate reigme (``random manifold'') where vortices are pinned independently, and (iii) a large distance, quasiordered regime where the periodicity of the lattice becomes important. In the last regime we find universal logarithmic growth of displacements for 2d4: B\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}(x)\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{d}}$ln\ensuremath{\Vert}x\ensuremath{\Vert} and persistence of algebraic quasi-long-range translational order. The functional renormalization group to O(\ensuremath{\epsilon}=4-d) and the variational method, when they can be compared, agree within 10% on the value of ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathit{d}}$. In d=3 we compute the function describing the crossover between the three reigmes. We discuss the observable signature of this crossover in decoration experiments and in neutron-diffraction experiments on flux lattices. Qualitative arguments are given suggesting the existence for weak disorder in d=3 of a ``Bragg glass'' phase without free dislocations and with algebraically divergent Bragg peaks. In d=1+1 both the variational method and the Cardy-Ostlund renormalization group predict a glassy state below the same transition temperature T=${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$, but with different B\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}(x) behaviors. Applications to d=2+0 systems and experiments on magnetic bubbles are discussed.

General “2S2P1D” Model and Relation Between the Linear Viscoelastic Behaviours of Bituminous Binders and Mixes

Abstract: A research including a large experimental campaign on the characterization of the viscoelastic behavior of different bituminous materials was developed. The aim is to establish the links between the viscoelastic properties (which are observed in the small strain domain) of binders and those of bituminous mixes. The viscoelastic behavior of bituminous binders and mixes has been studied by performing complex modulus tests at different temperatures and frequencies. A unique rheological model has been developed for the modeling of linear viscoelastic properties of both bituminous binders and mixes. This model consists of a generalization of the Huet-Sayegh analogical model. Analyses on test data for nine different binders and four mixes, with one mix design, show that the introduced model fits quite well the measurements. Finally, from our first results, a transformation that is independent of the introduced model allows to predict easily and efficiently the mix complex modulus from the binder one.